Articles | Volume 5-opsr
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-19-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-19-2025
02 Jun 2025
 | OPSR | Chapter 7.2
 | 02 Jun 2025 | OPSR | Chapter 7.2

The representation of rivers in operational ocean forecasting systems: a review

Pascal Matte, John Wilkin, and Joanna Staneva

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Akpoti, K., Mekonnen, K., Leh, M., Owusu, A., Dembélé, M., Tinonetsana, P., Seid, A., and Velpuri, N. M.: State of continental discharge estimation and modelling: challenges and opportunities for Africa, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 69, 2124–2152, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2024.2402938, 2024. 
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Arheimer, B., Pimentel, R., Isberg, K., Crochemore, L., Andersson, J. C. M., Hasan, A., and Pineda, L.: Global catchment modelling using World-Wide HYPE (WWH), open data, and stepwise parameter estimation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 535–559, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-535-2020, 2020. 
Bao, D., Xue, Z. G., Warner, J. C., Moulton, M., Yin, D., Hegermiller, C. A., Zambon, B., and He, R.: A Numerical Investigation of Hurricane Florence-Induced Compound Flooding in the Cape Fear Estuary Using a Dynamically Coupled Hydrological-Ocean Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 14, e2022MS003131, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003131, 2022. 
Bao, S., Wang, H., Zhang, R., Yan, H., and Chen, J.: Comparison of Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Salinity Products from SMOS, Aquarius, and SMAP, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 1932–1944, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC014937, 2019. 
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Rivers, vital to the Earth's system, connect the ocean with the land, governing hydrological and biogeochemical contributions and influencing processes like upwelling and mixing. This paper reviews methods to represent river runoff in operational ocean forecasting systems, from coarse-resolution models to coastal coupling approaches. It discusses river data sources and examines how river forcing is treated in global to coastal operational systems, highlighting challenges and future directions.
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