Articles | Volume 5-opsr
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-12-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-12-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
02 Jun 2025
| OPSR | Chapter 5.3
| 02 Jun 2025 | OPSR | Chapter 5.3
Numerical models for monitoring and forecasting ocean biogeochemistry: a short description of present status
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Section of Oceanography, Trieste, Italy
Andrew Moore
Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Stefano Ciavatta
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, France
Katja Fennel
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Simone Spada, Anna Teruzzi, Stefano Maset, Stefano Salon, Cosimo Solidoro, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 8321–8347, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8321-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8321-2026, 2026
Short summary
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In geosciences, data assimilation (DA) combines modeled dynamics and observations to reduce simulation uncertainties. Uncertainties can be dynamically and effectively estimated in ensemble DA methods. With respect to current techniques, the novel Gauss-Hermite High-Order Sampling Hybrid filter (GHOSH) ensemble DA scheme is designed to improve accuracy by reaching a higher approximation order, without increasing computational costs, as demonstrated in idealized Lorenz96 tests.
Simone Spada, Anna Teruzzi, Stefano Maset, Stefano Salon, Cosimo Solidoro, and Gianpiero Cossarini
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3182, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3182, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
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In geosciences, data assimilation (DA) combines modeled dynamics and observations to reduce simulation uncertainties. With respect to current techniques, the novel GHOSH ensemble DA scheme is designed to improve accuracy and uncertainty estimate by reaching a higher approximation order, without increasing computational costs. In this work, GHOSH is implemented and evaluated in realistic simulations of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry.
Valeria Di Biagio, Vittorio Ernesto Brando, Simone Colella, Francesco D'Adamo, Anna Teruzzi, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2026-23, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2026-23, 2026
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
In marine ecosystems, primary production is the process by which organisms create organic matter, supporting marine life, carbon storage and fisheries. We tracked spatial and temporal changes in primary production across the Mediterranean Sea by combining four datasets from satellites and models, including global and regional estimates, identifying areas affected by larger discrepancies among estimates. We found a small but significant decrease in basin-wide primary production since 1999.
Carlotta Dentico, Gianpiero Cossarini, Giuseppe Civitarese, Michele Giani, Angelo Rubino, and Vanessa Cardin
Biogeosciences, 23, 5399–5418, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5399-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5399-2026, 2026
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The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising due to human activities. The ocean has absorbed almost 30 % of the total emissions and stored in deeper waters. We studied the southern Adriatic, an area where dense water forms and sinks, helping move carbon from the surface to depth. Using a recently validated long-term dataset, we found that over the past decade this region acted as a net sink of carbon dioxide, highlighting its role in storing carbon in the Mediterranean Sea.
Laura Feudale, Giorgio Bolzon, Gianpiero Cossarini, Anna Teruzzi, Emanuela Clementi, and Stefano Salon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3413, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3413, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
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We investigate the impact of physical forcing frequency on Mediterranean biogeochemical simulations. Using 6-hourly instead of daily ocean fields improves phytoplankton bloom and nutrient patterns through a better representation of vertical transport processes, highlighting the importance of high-frequency variability for ecosystem forecasting.
Marilaure Grégoire, Gianpiero Cossarini, Corinne Derval, Elodie Gutknecht, Susan Kay, Julien Lamouroux, Helen Morrison, Coralie Perruche, Annette Samuelsen, Lena Spruch, Anna Teruzzi, Luc Vandenbulcke, Karina Von Schuckmann, and Tsuyoshi Wakamatsu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-813, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-813, 2026
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We review the advancements in our capabilities to predict the green ocean in the frame of the European Copernicus Marine Service since its start in 2015 and for the five European seas, the Arctic and Global oceans. The evolutions of the prediction systems, delivered products and computing resources requirements are reviewed. Recommendations for future developments are proposed based on a SWOT analysis of current CMEMS green ocean prediction systems and products.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Querin, Carolina Amadio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Stefano Piani, Simone Spada, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-9, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for SP
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Anomalous eutrophication levels characterised the northern Adriatic Sea in 2024 spring and fall. We analysed the anomaly in marine chlorophyll and primary production by using satellite and models, in connection with multiple events of very intense river discharges, high temperatures and circulation structures. Our study proves the importance of coastal forecasting models to monitor ocean-land dynamics.
Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7347–7364, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, 2024
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Monitoring the ocean is essential for studying marine life and human impact. Our new software, PPCon, uses ocean data to predict key factors like nitrate and chlorophyll levels, which are hard to measure directly. By leveraging machine learning, PPCon offers more accurate and efficient predictions.
Anna Teruzzi, Ali Aydogdu, Carolina Amadio, Emanuela Clementi, Simone Colella, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Claudia Fanelli, Laura Feudale, Alessandro Grandi, Pietro Miraglio, Andrea Pisano, Jenny Pistoia, Marco Reale, Stefano Salon, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 4-osr8, 15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, 2024
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A noticeable cold spell occurred in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 2022 and was the main driver of intense deep-water formation and the associated transport of nutrients to the surface. Southeast of Crete, the availability of both light and nutrients in the surface layer stimulated an anomalous phytoplankton bloom. In the area, chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for bloom intensity) and primary production were considerably higher than usual, suggesting possible impacts on fishery catches.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Ali Aydogdu, Lluis Castrillo, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Cipollone, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Kevin Hodges, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Priidik Lagemaa, Vidar Lien, Leonardo Lima, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Ilja Maljutenko, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Pietro Miraglio, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Roshin Raj, Ad Stoffelen, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, 2024
Carolina Amadio, Anna Teruzzi, Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, Gianluca Coidessa, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Ocean Sci., 20, 689–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, 2024
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Forecasting of marine biogeochemistry can be improved via the assimilation of observations. Floating buoys provide multivariate information about the status of the ocean interior. Information on the ocean interior can be expanded/augmented by machine learning. In this work, we show the enhanced impact of assimilating new in situ variables (oxygen) and reconstructed variables (nitrate) in the operational forecast system (MedBFM) model of the Mediterranean Sea.
Eva Álvarez, Gianpiero Cossarini, Anna Teruzzi, Jorn Bruggeman, Karsten Bolding, Stefano Ciavatta, Vincenzo Vellucci, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, David Antoine, and Paolo Lazzari
Biogeosciences, 20, 4591–4624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, 2023
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Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) interacts with the ambient light and gives the waters of the Mediterranean Sea their colour. We propose a novel parameterization of the CDOM cycle, whose parameter values have been optimized by using the data of the monitoring site BOUSSOLE. Nutrient and light limitations for locally produced CDOM caused aCDOM(λ) to covary with chlorophyll, while the above-average CDOM concentrations observed at this site were maintained by allochthonous sources.
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
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The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Valeria Di Biagio, Riccardo Martellucci, Milena Menna, Anna Teruzzi, Carolina Amadio, Elena Mauri, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 1-osr7, 10, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, 2023
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Oxygen is essential to all aerobic organisms, and its content in the marine environment is continuously under assessment. By integrating observations with a model, we describe the dissolved oxygen variability in a sensitive Mediterranean area in the period 1999–2021 and ascribe it to multiple acting physical and biological drivers. Moreover, the reduction recognized in 2021, apparently also due to other mechanisms, requires further monitoring in light of its possible impacts.
Alexandre Mignot, Hervé Claustre, Gianpiero Cossarini, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Elodie Gutknecht, Julien Lamouroux, Paolo Lazzari, Coralie Perruche, Stefano Salon, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Vincent Taillandier, and Anna Teruzzi
Biogeosciences, 20, 1405–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, 2023
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Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the impact of climate change on marine resources and monitor ocean health. Here, we demonstrate the use of the global array of BGC-Argo floats for the assessment of biogeochemical models. We first detail the handling of the BGC-Argo data set for model assessment purposes. We then present 23 assessment metrics to quantify the consistency of BGC model simulations with respect to BGC-Argo data.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Salon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 19, 5553–5574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, 2022
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The amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean is the result of interacting physical and biological processes. Oxygen vertical profiles show a subsurface maximum in a large part of the ocean. We used a numerical model to map this subsurface maximum in the Mediterranean Sea and to link local differences in its properties to the driving processes. This emerging feature can help the marine ecosystem functioning to be better understood, also under the impacts of climate change.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
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Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Anna Teruzzi, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 18, 6147–6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, 2021
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During summer, maxima of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (DCM) occur in the subsurface of the Mediterranean Sea and can play a relevant role in carbon sequestration into the ocean interior. A numerical model based on in situ and satellite observations provides insights into the range of DCM conditions across the relatively small Mediterranean Sea and shows a western DCM that is 25 % shallower and with a higher phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration than in the eastern Mediterranean.
Simone Spada, Anna Teruzzi, Stefano Maset, Stefano Salon, Cosimo Solidoro, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 8321–8347, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8321-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8321-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
In geosciences, data assimilation (DA) combines modeled dynamics and observations to reduce simulation uncertainties. Uncertainties can be dynamically and effectively estimated in ensemble DA methods. With respect to current techniques, the novel Gauss-Hermite High-Order Sampling Hybrid filter (GHOSH) ensemble DA scheme is designed to improve accuracy by reaching a higher approximation order, without increasing computational costs, as demonstrated in idealized Lorenz96 tests.
Simone Spada, Anna Teruzzi, Stefano Maset, Stefano Salon, Cosimo Solidoro, and Gianpiero Cossarini
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3182, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3182, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
In geosciences, data assimilation (DA) combines modeled dynamics and observations to reduce simulation uncertainties. With respect to current techniques, the novel GHOSH ensemble DA scheme is designed to improve accuracy and uncertainty estimate by reaching a higher approximation order, without increasing computational costs. In this work, GHOSH is implemented and evaluated in realistic simulations of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry.
Valeria Di Biagio, Vittorio Ernesto Brando, Simone Colella, Francesco D'Adamo, Anna Teruzzi, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2026-23, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2026-23, 2026
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
In marine ecosystems, primary production is the process by which organisms create organic matter, supporting marine life, carbon storage and fisheries. We tracked spatial and temporal changes in primary production across the Mediterranean Sea by combining four datasets from satellites and models, including global and regional estimates, identifying areas affected by larger discrepancies among estimates. We found a small but significant decrease in basin-wide primary production since 1999.
Elodie Gutknecht, Bruno Levier, Romain Escudier, Guillaume Reffray, Sylvain Cailleau, Stefano Ciavatta, Muriel Lux, Michelle Devlin, Lisette Enserink, Naomi Greenwood, and Hjalte Parner
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2026-8, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2026-8, 2026
Preprint under review for SP
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Declining oxygen levels near the seafloor can harm marine ecosystems. We investigated oxygen conditions across the North-East Atlantic shelf seas using ocean modelling. We found that low oxygen affects around one quarter of the shelf, with some areas experiencing severe oxygen loss, and that oxygen levels have decreased in recent decades beyond currently recognized vulnerable zones. These results highlight the need for continued monitoring and improved protection of marine environments.
Carlotta Dentico, Gianpiero Cossarini, Giuseppe Civitarese, Michele Giani, Angelo Rubino, and Vanessa Cardin
Biogeosciences, 23, 5399–5418, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5399-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5399-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising due to human activities. The ocean has absorbed almost 30 % of the total emissions and stored in deeper waters. We studied the southern Adriatic, an area where dense water forms and sinks, helping move carbon from the surface to depth. Using a recently validated long-term dataset, we found that over the past decade this region acted as a net sink of carbon dioxide, highlighting its role in storing carbon in the Mediterranean Sea.
Laura Feudale, Giorgio Bolzon, Gianpiero Cossarini, Anna Teruzzi, Emanuela Clementi, and Stefano Salon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3413, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3413, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of physical forcing frequency on Mediterranean biogeochemical simulations. Using 6-hourly instead of daily ocean fields improves phytoplankton bloom and nutrient patterns through a better representation of vertical transport processes, highlighting the importance of high-frequency variability for ecosystem forecasting.
Jozef Skákala, Shubha Sathyendranath, Yuri Artioli, Deep S. Banerjee, Heather Bouman, Robert J. W. Brewin, Momme Butenschön, Stefano Ciavatta, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Yanna Fidai, David Ford, Grinson George, Karen Guihou, Bror Jönsson, Marija Bačeković Koloper, Žarko Kovač, Lekshmi Krishnakumary, Gemma Kulk, Charlotte Laufkötter, Gennadi Lessin, Jann Paul Mattern, Angélique Melet, Alexandre Mignot, David Moffat, Fanny Monteiro, Mayra Rodriguez Bennadji, Cécile S. Rousseaux, Ranjini Swaminathan, Osvaldo Ulloa, and Jerry Tjiputra
Ocean Sci., 22, 1457–1481, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1457-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1457-2026, 2026
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Marine primary production (PP) is a key component of the Earth's climate system, but its current estimates and future projections are highly uncertain. We review the PP uncertainties and discuss their sources both across the ecosystem and satellite models. We propose to reduce the PP uncertainties by better addressing the PP model structures and parametrizations. We also argue that for many models it is desirable to consider spatial and temporal variability in the model parameter values.
Marilaure Grégoire, Gianpiero Cossarini, Corinne Derval, Elodie Gutknecht, Susan Kay, Julien Lamouroux, Helen Morrison, Coralie Perruche, Annette Samuelsen, Lena Spruch, Anna Teruzzi, Luc Vandenbulcke, Karina Von Schuckmann, and Tsuyoshi Wakamatsu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-813, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-813, 2026
Short summary
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We review the advancements in our capabilities to predict the green ocean in the frame of the European Copernicus Marine Service since its start in 2015 and for the five European seas, the Arctic and Global oceans. The evolutions of the prediction systems, delivered products and computing resources requirements are reviewed. Recommendations for future developments are proposed based on a SWOT analysis of current CMEMS green ocean prediction systems and products.
Lina Garcia-Suarez, Katja Fennel, Neha Mehendale, Tronje Kemena, and David P. Keller
Ocean Sci., 22, 1183–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1183-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1183-2026, 2026
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This study shows that regional ocean warming can make the Gulf Stream appear to shift north more rapidly than it actually does. Temperature-based proxies, like the Gulf Stream North Wall, overestimate changes in its position. Methods based on sea surface height provide a more accurate view. These results help improve how we track changes in ocean currents and avoid misinterpreting signs of climate-related shifts.
Gabriela Martinez Balbontin, Julien Jouanno, Rachid Benshila, Julien Lamouroux, Coralie Perruche, and Stefano Ciavatta
Biogeosciences, 23, 2601–2620, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2601-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2601-2026, 2026
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This study uses machine learning to predict global sea surface chlorophyll a, which is important for monitoring marine ecosystems and the carbon cycle. Using forecasts of sea surface temperature, salinity, height, and mixed layer depth, we generate global predictions up to six months ahead in just minutes. Our approach matches state-of-the-art numerical methods while being faster and more resource-efficient.
Michele Bendoni, Andrew Michael Moore, Roberta Sciascia, Carlo Brandini, Katrin Schroeder, Mireno Borghini, and Marcello Gatimu Magaldi
Ocean Sci., 22, 281–303, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-281-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-281-2026, 2026
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We use data assimilation (DA) to optimally merge information from observations of ocean variables and a numerical model of the north-western Mediterranean Sea. Data come from satellites, coastal high-frequency radars and fixed & movable devices. DA decreases model errors associated to all observed variables. The volume transport across the Corsica Channel, which connects the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian waters, is differently modified based on the typology and location of the assimilated observation.
Ieuan Higgs, Ross Bannister, Jozef Skákala, Alberto Carrassi, and Stefano Ciavatta
Biogeosciences, 23, 315–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-315-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-315-2026, 2026
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We explored how machine learning can improve computer models that simulate ocean ecosystems. These models help us understand how the ocean works, but they often struggle due to limited observations and complex processes. Our approach uses machine learning to better connect the parts of the system we can observe with those we cannot. This leads to more accurate and efficient predictions, offering a promising way to improve future ocean monitoring and forecasting tools.
Arnaud Laurent, Bin Wang, Dariia Atamanchuk, Subhadeep Rakshit, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Chris Algar, and Katja Fennel
Biogeosciences, 23, 115–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-115-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-115-2026, 2026
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Surface ocean alkalinity enhancement, through the release of alkaline materials, is a technology that could increase the storage of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean. Halifax Harbour (Canada) is a current test site for operational alkalinity addition. Here, we present a model of Halifax Harbour that simulates alkalinity addition at various locations of the harbour and quantifies the resulting net CO2 uptake. The model can be relocated to study alkalinity addition in other coastal systems.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Querin, Carolina Amadio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Stefano Piani, Simone Spada, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-9, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Anomalous eutrophication levels characterised the northern Adriatic Sea in 2024 spring and fall. We analysed the anomaly in marine chlorophyll and primary production by using satellite and models, in connection with multiple events of very intense river discharges, high temperatures and circulation structures. Our study proves the importance of coastal forecasting models to monitor ocean-land dynamics.
Jozef Skákala, David Ford, Keith Haines, Amos Lawless, Matthew J. Martin, Philip Browne, Marcin Chrust, Stefano Ciavatta, Alison Fowler, Daniel Lea, Matthew Palmer, Andrea Rochner, Jennifer Waters, Hao Zuo, Deep S. Banerjee, Mike Bell, Davi M. Carneiro, Yumeng Chen, Susan Kay, Dale Partridge, Martin Price, Richard Renshaw, Georgy Shapiro, and James While
Ocean Sci., 21, 1709–1734, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1709-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1709-2025, 2025
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UK marine data assimilation (MDA) involves a closely collaborating research community. In this paper, we offer both an overview of the state of the art and a vision for the future across all of the main areas of UK MDA, ranging from physics to biogeochemistry to coupled DA. We discuss the current UK MDA stakeholder applications, highlight theoretical developments needed to advance our systems, and reflect upon upcoming opportunities with respect to hardware and observational missions.
Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Antonio Novellino, and Andrew M. Moore
State Planet, 5-opsr, 7, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-7-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-7-2025, 2025
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Ocean prediction relies on the integration between models and satellite and in situ observations through data assimilation techniques. The authors discuss the role of observations in operational ocean forecasting systems, describing the state of the art of satellite and in situ observing networks and defining the paths for addressing multi-scale monitoring and forecasting.
Antonio Novellino, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, and Andy Moore
State Planet, 5-opsr, 8, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-8-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-8-2025, 2025
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This paper discusses the vital role of observations in ocean predictions and forecasting, highlighting the need for effective access, management, and integration of data to improve models and decision-making. The paper also explores opportunities for standardizing protocols and the potential of citizen-based, cost-effective data collection methods.
Matthew J. Martin, Ibrahim Hoteit, Laurent Bertino, and Andrew M. Moore
State Planet, 5-opsr, 9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-9-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-9-2025, 2025
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Observations of the ocean from satellites and platforms in the ocean are combined with information from computer models to produce predictions of how the ocean temperature, salinity, and currents will evolve over the coming days and weeks and to describe how the ocean has evolved in the past. This paper summarises the methods used to produce these ocean forecasts at various centres around the world and outlines the practical considerations for implementing such forecasting systems.
Kyoko Ohashi, Arnaud Laurent, Christoph Renkl, Jinyu Sheng, Katja Fennel, and Eric Oliver
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8697–8733, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8697-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8697-2024, 2024
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We developed a modelling system of the northwest Atlantic Ocean that simulates the currents, temperature, salinity, and parts of the biochemical cycle of the ocean, as well as sea ice. The system combines advanced, open-source models and can be used to study, for example, the ocean capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is a key process in the global climate. The system produces realistic results, and we use it to investigate the roles of tides and sea ice in the northwest Atlantic Ocean.
Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7347–7364, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, 2024
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Monitoring the ocean is essential for studying marine life and human impact. Our new software, PPCon, uses ocean data to predict key factors like nitrate and chlorophyll levels, which are hard to measure directly. By leveraging machine learning, PPCon offers more accurate and efficient predictions.
Anna Teruzzi, Ali Aydogdu, Carolina Amadio, Emanuela Clementi, Simone Colella, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Claudia Fanelli, Laura Feudale, Alessandro Grandi, Pietro Miraglio, Andrea Pisano, Jenny Pistoia, Marco Reale, Stefano Salon, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 4-osr8, 15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, 2024
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A noticeable cold spell occurred in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 2022 and was the main driver of intense deep-water formation and the associated transport of nutrients to the surface. Southeast of Crete, the availability of both light and nutrients in the surface layer stimulated an anomalous phytoplankton bloom. In the area, chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for bloom intensity) and primary production were considerably higher than usual, suggesting possible impacts on fishery catches.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Ali Aydogdu, Lluis Castrillo, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Cipollone, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Kevin Hodges, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Priidik Lagemaa, Vidar Lien, Leonardo Lima, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Ilja Maljutenko, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Pietro Miraglio, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Roshin Raj, Ad Stoffelen, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, 2024
Jorn Bruggeman, Karsten Bolding, Lars Nerger, Anna Teruzzi, Simone Spada, Jozef Skákala, and Stefano Ciavatta
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5619–5639, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5619-2024, 2024
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To understand and predict the ocean’s capacity for carbon sequestration, its ability to supply food, and its response to climate change, we need the best possible estimate of its physical and biogeochemical properties. This is obtained through data assimilation which blends numerical models and observations. We present the Ensemble and Assimilation Tool (EAT), a flexible and efficient test bed that allows any scientist to explore and further develop the state of the art in data assimilation.
Carolina Amadio, Anna Teruzzi, Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, Gianluca Coidessa, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Ocean Sci., 20, 689–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, 2024
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Forecasting of marine biogeochemistry can be improved via the assimilation of observations. Floating buoys provide multivariate information about the status of the ocean interior. Information on the ocean interior can be expanded/augmented by machine learning. In this work, we show the enhanced impact of assimilating new in situ variables (oxygen) and reconstructed variables (nitrate) in the operational forecast system (MedBFM) model of the Mediterranean Sea.
Ieuan Higgs, Jozef Skákala, Ross Bannister, Alberto Carrassi, and Stefano Ciavatta
Biogeosciences, 21, 731–746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-731-2024, 2024
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A complex network is a way of representing which parts of a system are connected to other parts. We have constructed a complex network based on an ecosystem–ocean model. From this, we can identify patterns in the structure and areas of similar behaviour. This can help to understand how natural, or human-made, changes will affect the shelf sea ecosystem, and it can be used in multiple future applications such as improving modelling, data assimilation, or machine learning.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Lina Garcia Suarez, and Jasmin G. John
Biogeosciences, 21, 301–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, 2024
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We downscaled two mid-century (~2075) ocean model projections to a high-resolution regional ocean model of the northwest North Atlantic (NA) shelf. In one projection, the NA shelf break current practically disappears; in the other it remains almost unchanged. This leads to a wide range of possible future shelf properties. More accurate projections of coastal circulation features would narrow the range of possible outcomes of biogeochemical projections for shelf regions.
Robert W. Izett, Katja Fennel, Adam C. Stoer, and David P. Nicholson
Biogeosciences, 21, 13–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, 2024
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This paper provides an overview of the capacity to expand the global coverage of marine primary production estimates using autonomous ocean-going instruments, called Biogeochemical-Argo floats. We review existing approaches to quantifying primary production using floats, provide examples of the current implementation of the methods, and offer insights into how they can be better exploited. This paper is timely, given the ongoing expansion of the Biogeochemical-Argo array.
Katja Fennel, Matthew C. Long, Christopher Algar, Brendan Carter, David Keller, Arnaud Laurent, Jann Paul Mattern, Ruth Musgrave, Andreas Oschlies, Josiane Ostiguy, Jaime B. Palter, and Daniel B. Whitt
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023, 2023
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This paper describes biogeochemical models and modelling techniques for applications related to ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) research. Many of the most pressing OAE-related research questions cannot be addressed by observation alone but will require a combination of skilful models and observations. We present illustrative examples with references to further information; describe limitations, caveats, and future research needs; and provide practical recommendations.
Li-Qing Jiang, Adam V. Subhas, Daniela Basso, Katja Fennel, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 13, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023, 2023
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This paper provides comprehensive guidelines for ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) researchers on archiving their metadata and data. It includes data standards for various OAE studies and a universal metadata template. Controlled vocabularies for terms like alkalinization methods are included. These guidelines also apply to ocean acidification data.
Eva Álvarez, Gianpiero Cossarini, Anna Teruzzi, Jorn Bruggeman, Karsten Bolding, Stefano Ciavatta, Vincenzo Vellucci, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, David Antoine, and Paolo Lazzari
Biogeosciences, 20, 4591–4624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, 2023
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Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) interacts with the ambient light and gives the waters of the Mediterranean Sea their colour. We propose a novel parameterization of the CDOM cycle, whose parameter values have been optimized by using the data of the monitoring site BOUSSOLE. Nutrient and light limitations for locally produced CDOM caused aCDOM(λ) to covary with chlorophyll, while the above-average CDOM concentrations observed at this site were maintained by allochthonous sources.
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
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The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Valeria Di Biagio, Riccardo Martellucci, Milena Menna, Anna Teruzzi, Carolina Amadio, Elena Mauri, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 1-osr7, 10, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, 2023
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Oxygen is essential to all aerobic organisms, and its content in the marine environment is continuously under assessment. By integrating observations with a model, we describe the dissolved oxygen variability in a sensitive Mediterranean area in the period 1999–2021 and ascribe it to multiple acting physical and biological drivers. Moreover, the reduction recognized in 2021, apparently also due to other mechanisms, requires further monitoring in light of its possible impacts.
Benjamin Richaud, Katja Fennel, Eric C. J. Oliver, Michael D. DeGrandpre, Timothée Bourgeois, Xianmin Hu, and Youyu Lu
The Cryosphere, 17, 2665–2680, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2665-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2665-2023, 2023
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Sea ice is a dynamic carbon reservoir. Its seasonal growth and melt modify the carbonate chemistry in the upper ocean, with consequences for the Arctic Ocean carbon sink. Yet, the importance of this process is poorly quantified. Using two independent approaches, this study provides new methods to evaluate the error in air–sea carbon flux estimates due to the lack of biogeochemistry in ice in earth system models. Those errors range from 5 % to 30 %, depending on the model and climate projection.
Alexandre Mignot, Hervé Claustre, Gianpiero Cossarini, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Elodie Gutknecht, Julien Lamouroux, Paolo Lazzari, Coralie Perruche, Stefano Salon, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Vincent Taillandier, and Anna Teruzzi
Biogeosciences, 20, 1405–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, 2023
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Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the impact of climate change on marine resources and monitor ocean health. Here, we demonstrate the use of the global array of BGC-Argo floats for the assessment of biogeochemical models. We first detail the handling of the BGC-Argo data set for model assessment purposes. We then present 23 assessment metrics to quantify the consistency of BGC model simulations with respect to BGC-Argo data.
Arnaud Laurent, Haiyan Zhang, and Katja Fennel
Biogeosciences, 19, 5893–5910, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022, 2022
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The Changjiang is the main terrestrial source of nutrients to the East China Sea (ECS). Nutrient delivery to the ECS has been increasing since the 1960s, resulting in low oxygen (hypoxia) during phytoplankton decomposition in summer. River phosphorus (P) has increased less than nitrogen, and therefore, despite the large nutrient delivery, phytoplankton growth can be limited by the lack of P. Here, we investigate this link between P limitation, phytoplankton production/decomposition, and hypoxia.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Salon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 19, 5553–5574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, 2022
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The amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean is the result of interacting physical and biological processes. Oxygen vertical profiles show a subsurface maximum in a large part of the ocean. We used a numerical model to map this subsurface maximum in the Mediterranean Sea and to link local differences in its properties to the driving processes. This emerging feature can help the marine ecosystem functioning to be better understood, also under the impacts of climate change.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
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Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Dariia Atamanchuk, Douglas Wallace, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 18, 6271–6286, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, 2021
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Using a regional model of the northwestern North Atlantic shelves in combination with a surface water time series and repeat transect observations, we investigate surface CO2 variability on the Scotian Shelf. The study highlights a strong seasonal cycle in shelf-wide pCO2 and spatial variability throughout the summer months driven by physical events. The simulated net flux of CO2 on the Scotian Shelf is out of the ocean, deviating from the global air–sea CO2 flux trend in continental shelves.
Anna Teruzzi, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 18, 6147–6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, 2021
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During summer, maxima of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (DCM) occur in the subsurface of the Mediterranean Sea and can play a relevant role in carbon sequestration into the ocean interior. A numerical model based on in situ and satellite observations provides insights into the range of DCM conditions across the relatively small Mediterranean Sea and shows a western DCM that is 25 % shallower and with a higher phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration than in the eastern Mediterranean.
Cited articles
Álvarez, E., Lazzari, P., and Cossarini, G.: Phytoplankton diversity emerging from chromatic adaptation and competition for light, Prog. Oceanogr., 204, 102789, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102789, 2022.
Alvarez-Fanjul, E., Ciliberti, S., and Bahurel, P.: Implementing Operational Ocean Monitoring and Forecasting Systems. IOC-UNESCO, GOOS-275, https://doi.org/10.48670/ETOOFS, 2022.
Alvarez-Fanjul, E., Ciliberti, S., Pearlman, J., Wilmer-Becker, K., Bahurel, P., Ardhuin, F., Arnaud, A., Azizzadenesheli, K., Aznar, R., Bell, M., Bertino, L., Behera, S., Brassington, G., Calewaert, J. B., Capet, A., Chassignet, E., Ciavatta, S., Cirano, M., Clementi, E., Cornacchia, L., Cossarini, G., Coro, G., Corney, S., Davidson, F., Drevillon, M., Drillet, Y., Dussurget, R., El Serafy, G., Fearon, G., Fennel, K., Ford, D., Le Galloudec, O., Huang, X., Lellouche, J. M., Heimbach, P., Hernandez, F., Hogan, P., Hoteit, I., Joseph, S., Josey, S., Le Traon, P.-Y., Libralato, S., Mancini, M., Martin, M., Matte, P., McConnell, T., Melet, A., Miyazawa, Y., Moore, A. M., Novellino, A., O'Donncha, F., Porter, A., Qiao, F., Regan, H., Robert-Jones, J., Sanikommu, S., Schiller, A., Siddorn, J., Sotillo, M. G., Staneva, J., Thomas-Courcoux, C., Thupaki, P., Tonani, M., Garcia Valdecasas, J. M., Veitch, J., von Schuckmann, K., Wan, L., Wilkin, J., Zhong, A., and Zufic, R.: Promoting best practices in ocean forecasting through an Operational Readiness Level, Front. Mar. Sci., 11, 1443284, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1443284, 2024.
Amadio, C., Teruzzi, A., Pietropolli, G., Manzoni, L., Coidessa, G., and Cossarini, G.: Combining neural networks and data assimilation to enhance the spatial impact of Argo floats in the Copernicus Mediterranean biogeochemical model, Ocean Sci., 20, 689–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, 2024.
Anderson, T. R., Christian, J. R., and Flynn, K. J.: Chapter 15 – Modeling DOM Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter (Second Edition), edited by: Hansell, D. A. and Carlson, C. A., Academic Press, 635–667, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405940-5.00015-7, 2015.
Artioli, Y., Blackford, J. C., Butenschön, M., Holt, J. T., Wakelin, S. L., Thomas, H., Borges, A. V., and Allen, J. I.: The carbonate system in the North Sea: Sensitivity and model validation, J. Marine Syst., 102, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.04.006, 2012.
Aumont, O., Ethé, C., Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., and Gehlen, M.: PISCES-v2: an ocean biogeochemical model for carbon and ecosystem studies, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2465–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015, 2015.
Baird, D., Christian, R. R., Peterson, C. H., and Johnson, G. A.: Consequences of hypoxia on estuarine ecosystem function: energy diversion from consumers to microbes, Ecol. Appl., 14, 805–822, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5094, 2004.
Baird, M. E., Cherukuru, N., Jones, E., Margvelashvili, N., Mongin, M., Oubelkheir, K., and Wild-Allen, K. A.: Remote-sensing reflectance and true colour produced by a coupled hydrodynamic, optical, sediment, biogeochemical model of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia: comparison with satellite data. Environ. Model. Softw., 78, 79–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.11.025, 2016.
Baird, M. E., Wild-Allen, K. A., Parslow, J., Mongin, M., Robson, B., Skerratt, J., Rizwi, F., Soja-Woźniak, M., Jones, E., Herzfeld, M., Margvelashvili, N., Andrewartha, J., Langlais, C., Adams, M. P., Cherukuru, N., Gustafsson, M., Hadley, S., Ralph, P. J., Rosebrock, U., Schroeder, T., Laiolo, L., Harrison, D., and Steven, A. D. L.: CSIRO Environmental Modelling Suite (EMS): scientific description of the optical and biogeochemical models (vB3p0), Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4503–4553, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4503-2020, 2020.
Baretta, J. W., Ebenhöh, W., and Ruardij, P.: The European regional seas ecosystem model, a complex marine ecosystem model, Neth. J. Sea Res., 33, 233–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(95)90047-0, 1995.
Bell, M. J., Schiller, A., and Ciliberti, S.: Numerical Models for Simulating Ocean Physics, in: Ocean prediction: present status and state of the art (OPSR), edited by: Álvarez Fanjul, E., Ciliberti, S. A., Pearlman, J., Wilmer-Becker, K., and Behera, S., Copernicus Publications, State Planet, 5-opsr, 10, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-10-2025, 2025.
Bieser, J., Amptmeijer, D. J., Daewel, U., Kuss, J., Soerensen, A. L., and Schrum, C.: The 3D biogeochemical marine mercury cycling model MERCY v2.0 – linking atmospheric Hg to methylmercury in fish, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2649–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2649-2023, 2023.
Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Orr, J. C., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Gehlen, M., Halloran, P., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Séférian, R., Tjiputra, J., and Vichi, M.: Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models, Biogeosciences, 10, 6225–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013, 2013.
Brasseur, P., Gruber, N., Barciela, R., Brander, K., Doron, M., El Moussaoui, A., Hobday, A.J., Huret, M., Kremeur, A.-S., Lehodey, P., Matear, R., Moulin, C., Murtugudde, R., Senina, I., and Svendsen, E.: Integrating biogeochemistry and ecology into ocean data assimilation systems, Oceanography, 22, 206–215, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.80, 2009.
Bruggeman, J. and Bolding, K.: A general framework for aquatic biogeochemical models, Environ. Model. Softw., 61, 249–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.04.002, 2014.
Butenschön, M., Clark, J., Aldridge, J. N., Allen, J. I., Artioli, Y., Blackford, J., Bruggeman, J., Cazenave, P., Ciavatta, S., Kay, S., Lessin, G., van Leeuwen, S., van der Molen, J., de Mora, L., Polimene, L., Sailley, S., Stephens, N., and Torres, R.: ERSEM 15.06: a generic model for marine biogeochemistry and the ecosystem dynamics of the lower trophic levels, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1293–1339, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1293-2016, 2016.
Capet, A., Meysman, F. J. R., Akoumianaki, I., Soetaert, K., and Grégoire, M.: Integrating sediment biogeochemistry into 3D oceanic models: A study of benthic-pelagic coupling in the Black Sea, Ocean Model., 101, 83–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.03.006, 2016.
Ciavatta, S., Torres, R., Saux-Picart, S., and Allen, J. I.: Can ocean color assimilation improve biogeochemical hindcasts in shelf seas?, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C12043, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007219, 2011.
Ciavatta, S., Torres, R., Martinez-Vicente, V., Smyth, T., Dall'Olmo, G., Polimene, L., and Allen, J. I.: Assimilation of remotely-sensed optical properties to improve marine biogeochemistry modelling, Prog. Oceanogr., 127, 74–95, 2014.
Ciavatta, S., Kay, S., Saux-Picard, S., Butenschön, M., and Allen, J. I.: Decadal reanalysis of biogeochemical indicators and fluxes in the North West European shelf-sea ecosystem, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 1824–1845, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011496, 2016.
Ciavatta, S., Brewin, R. J. W., Skákala, J., Polimene, L., de Mora, L., Artioli, Y., and Allen, J. I.: Assimilation of ocean-color plankton functional types to improve marine ecosystem simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 834–854, 2018.
Ciliberti, S. A., Grégoire, M., Staneva, J., Palazov, A., Coppini, G., Lecci, R., Peneva, E., Matreata, M., Marinova, V., Masina, S., and Pinardi, N.: Monitoring and Forecasting the Ocean State and Biogeochemical Processes in the Black Sea: Recent Developments in the Copernicus Marine Service, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9, 1146, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101146, 2022.
Cossarini, G., Querin, S., and Solidoro, C.: The continental shelf carbon pump in the northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea): Influence of wintertime variability, Ecol. Model., 314, 118–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.07.024, 2015a.
Cossarini, G., Lazzari, P., and Solidoro, C.: Spatiotemporal variability of alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 12, 1647–1658, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015, 2015b.
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Short summary
Marine biogeochemistry refers to the cycling of chemical elements resulting from physical transport, chemical reaction, uptake, and processing by living organisms. Biogeochemical models can have a wide range of complexity, from a single nutrient to fully explicit representations of multiple nutrients, trophic levels, and functional groups. Uncertainty sources are the lack of knowledge about the parameterizations, the initial and boundary conditions, and the lack of observations.
Marine biogeochemistry refers to the cycling of chemical elements resulting from physical...
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