Scientific synthesis reports and assessments
Scientific synthesis reports and assessments
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Articles | Volume 6-osr9
Articles | Volume 6-osr9
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-6-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Report:
9th edition of the Copernicus Ocean State Report (OSR9)
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-6-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 6-osr9
30 Sep 2025
 | OSR9 | Chapter 2.3
 | 30 Sep 2025 | OSR9 | Chapter 2.3

A new conceptual framework for assessing the physical state of the Baltic Sea

Urmas Raudsepp, Ilja Maljutenko, Priidik Lagemaa, and Karina von Schuckmann

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Latest update: 09 Oct 2026
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Short summary
Over the past 3 decades, the Baltic Sea has warmed and become saltier, reflecting broader atmospheric trends. Heat content changes are mainly driven by subsurface temperature variations in the upper 100 m, influenced by air temperature, evaporation, and wind stress. Freshwater content changes are largely controlled by salinity shifts in the halocline (40–120 m), with key drivers being saline inflows, precipitation, and zonal wind stress.
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9th edition of the Copernicus Ocean State Report (OSR9)
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