Articles | Volume 6-osr9
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-6-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-6-2025
30 Sep 2025
 | OSR9 | Chapter 2.3
 | 30 Sep 2025 | OSR9 | Chapter 2.3

A new conceptual framework for assessing the physical state of the Baltic Sea

Urmas Raudsepp, Ilja Maljutenko, Priidik Lagemaa, and Karina von Schuckmann

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Short summary
Over the past 3 decades, the Baltic Sea has warmed and become saltier, reflecting broader atmospheric trends. Heat content changes are mainly driven by subsurface temperature variations in the upper 100 m, influenced by air temperature, evaporation, and wind stress. Freshwater content changes are largely controlled by salinity shifts in the halocline (40–120 m), with key drivers being saline inflows, precipitation, and zonal wind stress.
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