Articles | Volume 4-osr8
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-9-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-9-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Oceanographic preconditions for planning seawater heat pumps in the Baltic Sea – an example from the Tallinn Bay, Gulf of Finland
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
Ilja Maljutenko
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
Priidik Lagemaa
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
Rivo Uiboupin
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
Urmas Raudsepp
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
Related authors
Mihhail Zujev, Jüri Elken, and Priidik Lagemaa
Ocean Sci., 17, 91–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-91-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-91-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The proposed method of data assimilation is capable of effectively correcting basin-scale mismatch of oceanographic models when the domain is under nearly coherent external forcing. The method uses basin-scale EOF modes, calculated from the long-term model statistics. These modes are used to reconstruct gridded fields from point observations, which are further fed to the model using relaxation. Tests with sea surface temperature and salinity in the NE Baltic Sea were successful.
T. Liblik, J. Laanemets, U. Raudsepp, J. Elken, and I. Suhhova
Ocean Sci., 9, 917–930, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-917-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-917-2013, 2013
Anja Lindenthal, Claudia Hinrichs, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Tim Kruschke, Priidik Lagemaa, Eefke M. van der Lee, Ilja Maljutenko, Helen E. Morrison, Tabea R. Panteleit, and Urmas Raudsepp
State Planet, 4-osr8, 16, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-16-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-16-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2022, large parts of the Baltic Sea experienced the third-warmest to warmest summer and autumn temperatures since 1997 and several marine heatwaves (MHWs). Using remote sensing, reanalysis, and in situ data, this study characterizes regional differences in MHW properties in the Baltic Sea in 2022. Furthermore, it presents an analysis of long-term trends and the relationship between atmospheric warming and MHW occurrences, including their propagation into deeper layers.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Ali Aydogdu, Lluis Castrillo, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Cipollone, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Kevin Hodges, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Priidik Lagemaa, Vidar Lien, Leonardo Lima, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Ilja Maljutenko, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Pietro Miraglio, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Roshin Raj, Ad Stoffelen, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, 2024
Urmas Raudsepp, Ilja Maljutenko, Priidik Lagemaa, and Karina von Schuckmann
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-19, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-19, 2024
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Over the last three decades, the Baltic Sea has experienced rising temperature and salinity, reflecting broader atmospheric warming. Heat content fluctuations are driven by subsurface temperature changes in the upper 100 meters, including the thermocline and halocline, influenced by air temperature, evaporation, and wind stress. Freshwater content changes mainly result from salinity shifts in the halocline, with saline water inflow, precipitation, and wind stress as key factors.
Shakti Singh, Ilja Maljutenko, and Rivo Uiboupin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1701, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The sea ice statistics study highlights the bias in model estimations compared to satellite data and provides a simple approach to minimise that. During the study period, the model estimates sea ice forming slightly earlier but aligns well with the satellite data for ice season's end. Rapid decrease in the sea ice parameters is observed across the Baltic Sea, especially the ice thickness in the Bothnian Bay sub-basin. These statistics could be crucial for regional adaptation strategies.
Jan Åström, Fredrik Robertsen, Jari Haapala, Arttu Polojärvi, Rivo Uiboupin, and Ilja Maljutenko
The Cryosphere, 18, 2429–2442, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2429-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2429-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The HiDEM code has been developed for analyzing the fracture and fragmentation of brittle materials and has been extensively applied to glacier calving. Here, we report on the adaptation of the code to sea-ice dynamics and breakup. The code demonstrates the capability to simulate sea-ice dynamics on a 100 km scale with an unprecedented resolution. We argue that codes of this type may become useful for improving forecasts of sea-ice dynamics.
Urmas Raudsepp, Ilja Maljutenko, Amirhossein Barzandeh, Rivo Uiboupin, and Priidik Lagemaa
State Planet, 1-osr7, 7, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-7-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-7-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The freshwater content in the Baltic Sea has wide sub-regional variability characterized by the local climate dynamics. The total freshwater content trend is negative due to the recent increased inflows of saltwater, but there are also regions where the increase in runoff and decrease in ice content have led to an increase in the freshwater content.
Urmas Raudsepp and Ilja Maljutenko
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 535–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-535-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-535-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A model's ability to reproduce the state of a simulated object is always a subject of discussion. A new method for the multivariate assessment of numerical model skills uses the K-means algorithm for clustering model errors. All available data that fall into the model domain and simulation period are incorporated into the skill assessment. The clustered errors are used for spatial and temporal analysis of the model accuracy. The method can be applied to different types of geoscientific models.
Tuomas Kärnä, Patrik Ljungemyr, Saeed Falahat, Ida Ringgaard, Lars Axell, Vasily Korabel, Jens Murawski, Ilja Maljutenko, Anja Lindenthal, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Svetlana Verjovkina, Ina Lorkowski, Priidik Lagemaa, Jun She, Laura Tuomi, Adam Nord, and Vibeke Huess
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5731–5749, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5731-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5731-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present Nemo-Nordic 2.0, a novel operational marine model for the Baltic Sea. The model covers the Baltic Sea and the North Sea with approximately 1 nmi resolution. We validate the model's performance against sea level, water temperature, and salinity observations, as well as sea ice charts. The skill analysis demonstrates that Nemo-Nordic 2.0 can reproduce the hydrographic features of the Baltic Sea.
Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Lasse Johansson, Magda Wilewska-Bien, Lena Granhag, Erik Ytreberg, K. Martin Eriksson, Daniel Yngsell, Ida-Maja Hassellöv, Kerstin Magnusson, Urmas Raudsepp, Ilja Maljutenko, Hulda Winnes, and Jana Moldanova
Ocean Sci., 17, 699–728, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-699-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-699-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This modelling study describes a methodology for describing pollutant discharges from ships to the sea. The pilot area used is the Baltic Sea area and discharges of bilge, ballast, sewage, wash water as well as stern tube oil are reported for the year 2012. This work also reports the release of SOx scrubber effluents. This technique may be used by ships to comply with tight sulfur limits inside Emission Control Areas, but it also introduces a new pollutant stream from ships to the sea.
Mihhail Zujev, Jüri Elken, and Priidik Lagemaa
Ocean Sci., 17, 91–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-91-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-91-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The proposed method of data assimilation is capable of effectively correcting basin-scale mismatch of oceanographic models when the domain is under nearly coherent external forcing. The method uses basin-scale EOF modes, calculated from the long-term model statistics. These modes are used to reconstruct gridded fields from point observations, which are further fed to the model using relaxation. Tests with sea surface temperature and salinity in the NE Baltic Sea were successful.
Lasse Johansson, Erik Ytreberg, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Erik Fridell, K. Martin Eriksson, Maria Lagerström, Ilja Maljutenko, Urmas Raudsepp, Vivian Fischer, and Eva Roth
Ocean Sci., 16, 1143–1163, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1143-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1143-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Very little is currently known about the activities and emissions of private leisure boats. To change this, a new model was created (BEAM). The model was used for the Baltic Sea to estimate leisure boat emissions, also considering antifouling paint leach. When compared to commercial shipping, the modeled leisure boat emissions were seen to be surprisingly large for some pollutant species, and these emissions were heavily concentrated on coastal inhabited areas during summer and early autumn.
L. Sipelgas, A. Aavaste, and R. Uiboupin
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2020, 627–632, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-627-2020, 2020
Edith Soosaar, Ilja Maljutenko, Rivo Uiboupin, Maris Skudra, and Urmas Raudsepp
Ocean Sci., 12, 417–432, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-417-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-417-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing imagery and numerical model study of river bulge evolution and dynamics in a non-tidal sea showed an anti-cyclonically rotating bulge during the studied low wind period in the Gulf of Riga. In about 7–8 days the bulge grew up to 20 km in diameter, before being diluted. Both model and satellite images showed river water mainly contained in the bulge. The study shows significant effects of the wind in the evolution of the river bulge, even if the wind speed was moderate (3–4 m s−1).
T. Liblik, J. Laanemets, U. Raudsepp, J. Elken, and I. Suhhova
Ocean Sci., 9, 917–930, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-917-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-917-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Aavaste, A., Sipelgas, L., Uiboupin, R., and Uudeberg, K.: Impact of thermohaline conditions on vertical variability of optical properties in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea): Implications for water quality remote sensing, Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 674065, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.674065, 2021.
Alenius, P., Myrberg, K., and Nekrasov, A.: The physical oceanography of the Gulf of Finland: a review, Boreal Environ. Res. 3, 97–125, 1998.
Axell, L.: EU Copernicus Marine Service, Product User Manual for Baltic Sea Physical Reanalysis Product, BALTICSEA_REANALYSIS_PHY_003_011, Issue 2.1, Mercator Ocean International, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7935113, 2021.
Bach, B., Werling, J., Ommen, T., Münster, M., Morales, J. M., and Elmegaard, B.: Integration of large-scale heat pumps in the district heating systems of Greater Copenhagen, Energy, 107, 321–334, 2016.
CleanTechnica: Giant Heat Pump Takes Over Entire Danish Town, https://cleantechnica.com/2023/06/12/giant-heat-pump-takes-over-entire-danish-town/ (last access: 29 March 2024), 2023.
Delpeche-Ellmann, N., Soomere, T., and Kudryavtseva, N.: The role of nearshore slope on cross-shore surface transport during a coastal upwelling event in Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 209, 123–135, 2018.
Elken, J. and Matthäus, W.: Baltic Sea Oceanography, in: Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin, edited by: The BACC Author Team, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 379–386, ISBN 978-3-540-72786-6, 2008.
Elken, J., Raudsepp, U., and Lips, U.: On the estuarine transport reversal in deep layers of the Gulf of Finland, J. Sea Res., 49, 267–274, 2003.
Elken, J., Lehmann, A., and Myrberg. K.: Recent change – marine circulation and stratification. In Second assessment of climate change for the Baltic Sea Basin, Springer, 131–144, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1_7, 2015.
EMODnet: European Marine Observation and Data Network, EMODnet [data set], https://www.emodnet.eu/, 13 February 2021.
EMODnet Bathymetry Consortium: EMODnet Digital Bathymetry, European Marine Observation and Data Network, https://doi.org/10.12770/18ff0d48-b203-4a65-94a9-5fd8b0ec35f6, 2018.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Baltic Sea Physical Reanalysis, Mercator Ocean International dataset-reanalysis-nemo-dailymeans [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00013, 2021.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Baltic Sea – In Situ Near Real Time Observations, Mercator Ocean International cmems_obs-ins_bal_phybgcwav_mynrt_na_irr [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00032, 2022.
Friotherm: Värtan Ropsten – The largest sea water heat pump facility worldwide, with 6 Unitop® 50FY and 180 MW total capacity, https://www.friotherm.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/vaertan_e008_uk.pdf (last access: 18 July 2023), 2017.
Haapala, J. and Alenius, P.: Temperature and salinity statistics for the northern Baltic Sea 1961–1990, Finnish Marine Research, 262, 51–121, 1994.
HELCOM MADS: HELCOM Map and data service, HELCOM [data set], https://maps.helcom.fi/website/mapservice/, last access: 18 July 2023.
In Situ TAC partners: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product User Manual for In situ products, In Situ TAC partners: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product User Manual for In situ products, INSITU_BAL_PHYBGCWAV_DISCRETE_MYNRT_013_032, Issue 1.14, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-INS-PUM-013-030-036.pdf (last access: 18 July 2023), 2022.
Jakobsson, M., Stranne, C., O'Regan, M., Greenwood, S. L., Gustafsson, B., Humborg, C., and Weidner, E.: Bathymetric properties of the Baltic Sea, Ocean Science, 15, 905–924, 2019.
Kalamees, T., Jylhä, K., Tietäväinen, H., Jokisalo, J., Ilomets, S., Hyvönen, R., and Saku, S.: Development of weighting factors for climate variables for selecting the energy reference year according to the EN ISO 15927-4 standard, Energ. Buildings, 47, 53–60, 2012.
Lagemaa, P., Elken, J., and Kõuts, T.: Operational sea level forecasting in Estonia, Estonian Journal of Engineering, 17, 301–331, 2011.
Leppäranta, M. and Myrberg, K.: Physical oceanography of the Baltic Sea, Springer Science & Business Media, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79703-6, 2009.
Liblik, T. and Lips, U.: Characteristics and variability of the vertical thermohaline structure in the Gulf of Finland in summer, Boreal Environ. Res., 16, 73–83, 2011.
Liblik, T. and Lips, U.: Stratification has strengthened in the Baltic Sea–an analysis of 35 years of observational data, Front. Earth Sci., 7, 174, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00174, 2019.
Liblik, T., Naumann, M., Alenius, P., Hansson, M., Lips, U., Nausch, G., Tuomi, L., Wesslander, K., Laanemets, J., and Viktorsson, L.: Propagation of impact of the recent Major Baltic Inflows from the Eastern Gotland Basin to the Gulf of Finland, Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 222, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00222, 2018.
Liu, Y., Axell, L., Jandt-Scheelke S., Lorkowski, I., Lindenthal, A., Verjovkina S., and Schwichtenberg, F.: EU Copernicus Marine Service, Quality Information Document for Baltic Sea Physical Reanalysis Product, BALTICSEA_REANALYSIS_PHY_003_011, Issue 2.5, Mercator Ocean International, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7935113, 2019.
Lund, H., Østergaard, P. A., Chang, M., Werner, S., Svendsen, S., Sorknæs, P., Thorsen, J. E., Hvelplund, F., Mortensen, B. O. G., Mathiesen, B. V., and Bojesen, C.: The status of 4th generation district heating: Research and results, Energy, 164, 147–159, 2018.
Maljutenko, I. and Raudsepp, U.: Long-term mean, interannual and seasonal circulation in the Gulf of Finland – the wide salt wedge estuary or gulf type ROFI, J. Marine Syst., 195, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.03.004, 2019.
Meier, H. E. M., Dieterich, C., Gröger, M., Dutheil, C., Börgel, F., Safonova, K., Christensen, O. B., and Kjellström, E.: Oceanographic regional climate projections for the Baltic Sea until 2100, Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 159–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-159-2022, 2022.
Mitchell, M. and Spitler, J.: Open-loop direct surface water cooling and surface water heat pump systems – A review, HVAC&R Res., 19, 125–140, 2013.
Omstedt, A. and Hansson, D.: The Baltic Sea ocean climate system memory and response to changes in the water and heat balance components, Cont. Shelf Res., 26, 236–251, 2006.
OpenStreetMap Contributors: Coastline data, OpenStreetMap, https://www.openstreetmap.org/ (Acquired from the HELCOM Data Portal), last access 18 July 2023.
Pieper, H., Ommen, T., Elmegaard, B., and Markussen, W. B.: Assessment of a combination of three heat sources for heat pumps to supply district heating, Energy, 176, 156–170, 2019.
Pieper, H., Lepiksaar, K., and Volkova, A.: GIS-based approach to identifying potential heat sources for heat pumps and chillers providing district heating and cooling, International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, 34, 29–44, https://doi.org/10.54337/ijsepm.7021, 2022.
Raudsepp, U., Legeais, J.-F., She, J., Maljutenko, I., and Jandt, S.: Baltic Inflows, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 11, s106–s110, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2018.1489208, 2018.
Schibuola, L., Tambani, C., and Buggin, A.: Seawater Opportunities to Increase Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning System Efficiency in Buildings and Urban Resilience, Frontiers in Energy Research, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.913411, 2022.
Su, C., Madani, H., Liu, H., Wang, R., and Palm, B.: Seawater heat pumps in China, a spatial analysis, Energ. Convers. Manage., 203, 112240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112240, 2020.
Uiboupin, R. and Laanemets, J.: Upwelling characteristics derived from satellite sea surface temperature data in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 297–304, 2009.
Volkova, A., Hlebnikov, A., Ledvanov, A., Kirs, T., Raudsepp, U., and Latõšov, E.: District cooling network planning. a case study of Tallinn, International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, 34, 63–78, 2022a.
Volkova, A., Koduvere, H., and Pieper, H.: Large-scale heat pumps for district heating systems in the Baltics: Potential and impact, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 167, 112749, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112749, 2022b.
Wehde, H., Schuckmann, K. V., Pouliquen, S., Grouazel, A., Bartolome, T., Tintore, J., De Alfonso Alonso-Munoyerro, M., Carval, T., Racapé, V., and the INSTAC team: EU Copernicus Marine Service Quality Information Document for In Situ Products, INSITU_BAL_PHYBGCWAV_DISCRETE_MYNRT_013_032, Issue 2.2, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-INS-QUID-013-030-036.pdf, last access: 18 July 2023, 2022.
Short summary
Baltic deep water is generally warmer than surface water during winter when district heating is required. Depending on the location, depth, and oceanographic situation, bottom water of Tallinn Bay can be used as an energy source for seawater heat pumps until the end of February, covering the major time interval when heating is needed. Episodically, there are colder-water events when seawater heat extraction has to be complemented by other sources of heating energy.
Baltic deep water is generally warmer than surface water during winter when district heating is...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint