Articles | Volume 4-osr8
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-12-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-12-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
30 Sep 2024
| OSR8 | Chapter 3.4
| 30 Sep 2024 | OSR8 | Chapter 3.4
Variability in manometric sea level from reanalyses and observation-based products over the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans and the Mediterranean Sea
Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy
Giulia Chierici
Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy
Julia Pfeffer
Magellium, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Anne Barnoud
Magellium, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Romain Bourdalle-Badie
Mercator Ocean International (MOI), 31400 Toulouse, France
Alejandro Blazquez
Laboratory of Space Geophysical and Oceanographic Studies (LEGOS), 31401 Toulouse, France
Davide Cavaliere
Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy
Noémie Lalau
Magellium, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Benjamin Coupry
Magellium, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Marie Drevillon
Mercator Ocean International (MOI), 31400 Toulouse, France
Sebastien Fourest
Laboratory of Space Geophysical and Oceanographic Studies (LEGOS), 31401 Toulouse, France
Gilles Larnicol
Magellium, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Chunxue Yang
Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy
Related authors
Louis Kern, Thomas Vaujour, Julia Pfeffer, Andrea Storto, Camille Szczypta, Gilles Garric, Claire Sirere, Gilles Larnicol, Chunxue Yang, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, and Stéphanie Guinehut
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6351, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6351, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
Freshwater fluxes, despite their importance, are often poorly represented in ocean models. The impact of river discharge is evaluated from the Water Mass Balance approach, combining gravimetry and atmospheric reanalyses data. These estimates are assessed against river gauges, highlighting good agreement over South American rivers. Compared to climatological data, when used as inputs for ocean model simulations, this technique improves salinity and upper ocean circulation representation.
Alexis Barge, Julien Le Sommer, Andrea Storto, and Sophie Valcke
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-854, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-854, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Scientists use programs, called Earth System Models, to study and predict climate. These models are based on physical theories but can be completed with AI tools. However, combining these tools with traditional models is difficult due to their different nature. Our research introduces a new method that connects these AI tools with existing climate models. We tested this method by integrating it with an ocean model. This work should help scientists explore new ways of making climate predictions.
Zhe Song, Anny Cazenave, William Llovel, Andrea Storto, and Marie Bouih
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-802, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-802, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study is to understand why the North Atlantic sea level budget is not closed over the Argo and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) era. We show that using an ocean reanalysis for the ocean mass component instead of GRACE, and accounting for deep ocean warming allows closure of the North Atlantic sea level budget within data uncertainties.
Kristian Strommen, Michael Mayer, Andrea Storto, Jonas Spaeth, and Steffen Tietsche
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6402, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6402, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical weather forecasts of sea ice are unreliable, exhibiting an overly narrow range of plausible sea ice evolutions. Stochastic perturbations introduce randomness to the forecast in order to alleviate this by representing uncertainties in the representation of sea ice physics. We show that such including such perturbations in a forecast model improves the reliability of sea ice forecasts, and furthermore results in improved seasonal forecasts of the northern European winter circulation.
Haohao Zhang, Andrea Storto, Xuezhi Bai, and Chunxue Yang
The Cryosphere, 19, 6807–6826, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6807-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6807-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using a 1D coupled ice-ocean model, we quantified the effects of meltwater and ice-albedo feedback independently. The meltwater reduces melting by 19 % through thermal isolation, while ice-albedo feedback increases melting by 41 %, with nonlinear coupling between them. In winter, meltwater protects ice in weakly stratified areas by blocking Atlantic heat. Our study provides new insights into the relative importance of different components in the Arctic ice-ocean system.
Andrea Storto, Sergey Frolov, Laura Slivinski, and Chunxue Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4789–4804, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4789-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4789-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Inaccuracies in air–sea heat fluxes severely degrade the accuracy of ocean numerical simulations. Here, we use artificial neural networks to correct air–sea heat fluxes as a function of oceanic and atmospheric state predictors. The correction successfully improves surface and subsurface ocean temperatures beyond the training period and in prediction experiments.
Marie Bouih, Anne Barnoud, Chunxue Yang, Andrea Storto, Alejandro Blazquez, William Llovel, Robin Fraudeau, and Anny Cazenave
Ocean Sci., 21, 1425–1440, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Present-day sea level rise is not uniform regionally. For better understanding of regional sea level variations, a classical approach is to compare the observed sea level trend patterns with those of the sum of the contributions. If the regional sea level trend budget is not closed, this allows the detection of errors in the observing systems. Our study shows that the trend budget is not closed in the North Atlantic Ocean and identifies errors in Argo-based salinity data as the main suspect.
Vincenzo de Toma, Daniele Ciani, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Chunxue Yang, Vincenzo Artale, Andrea Pisano, Davide Cavaliere, Rosalia Santoleri, and Andrea Storto
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5145–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores methods to reconstruct diurnal variations in skin sea surface temperature in a model of the Mediterranean Sea. Our new approach, considering chlorophyll concentration, enhances spatial and temporal variations in the warm layer. Comparative analysis shows context-dependent improvements. The proposed "chlorophyll-interactive" method brings the surface net total heat flux closer to zero annually, despite a net heat loss from the ocean to the atmosphere.
Andrea Storto, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Vincenzo de Toma, Alessandro Anav, Gianmaria Sannino, Rosalia Santoleri, and Chunxue Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4811–4833, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4811-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4811-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Regional climate models are a fundamental tool for a very large number of applications and are being increasingly used within climate services, together with other complementary approaches. Here, we introduce a new regional coupled model, intended to be later extended to a full Earth system model, for climate investigations within the Mediterranean region, coupled data assimilation experiments, and several downscaling exercises (reanalyses and long-range predictions).
Louis Kern, Thomas Vaujour, Julia Pfeffer, Andrea Storto, Camille Szczypta, Gilles Garric, Claire Sirere, Gilles Larnicol, Chunxue Yang, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, and Stéphanie Guinehut
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6351, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6351, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
Freshwater fluxes, despite their importance, are often poorly represented in ocean models. The impact of river discharge is evaluated from the Water Mass Balance approach, combining gravimetry and atmospheric reanalyses data. These estimates are assessed against river gauges, highlighting good agreement over South American rivers. Compared to climatological data, when used as inputs for ocean model simulations, this technique improves salinity and upper ocean circulation representation.
Alexis Barge, Julien Le Sommer, Andrea Storto, and Sophie Valcke
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-854, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-854, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Scientists use programs, called Earth System Models, to study and predict climate. These models are based on physical theories but can be completed with AI tools. However, combining these tools with traditional models is difficult due to their different nature. Our research introduces a new method that connects these AI tools with existing climate models. We tested this method by integrating it with an ocean model. This work should help scientists explore new ways of making climate predictions.
Zhe Song, Anny Cazenave, William Llovel, Andrea Storto, and Marie Bouih
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-802, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-802, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study is to understand why the North Atlantic sea level budget is not closed over the Argo and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) era. We show that using an ocean reanalysis for the ocean mass component instead of GRACE, and accounting for deep ocean warming allows closure of the North Atlantic sea level budget within data uncertainties.
Violaine Piton, Hervé Giordani, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, and Charles Pelletier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-640, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-640, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical ocean mixing regulates climate by transferring heat from the surface to depth. Because most models use simplified schemes, they often misrepresent convection and bias temperatures and air–sea heat exchange. We test a new mixing scheme in a global ocean model. It better captures daily tropical surface mixing and deep winter convection at high latitudes, reduces upper-ocean temperature biases, and alters surface heat balance, improving climate model realism.
Julia Pfeffer, Anny Cazenave, Rodrigo Abarca-del-Rio, Veronique Dehant, Mioara Mandea, Severine Rosat, and Nicolas Gillet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-82, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-82, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth System Dynamics (ESD).
Short summary
Short summary
Observations have revealed the existence of a 6-year oscillation in the whole Earth system, from its deep interior to the superficial fluid envelopes. However, the origin of such a global phenomenon remains unknown. In this study we investigate the spatio-temporal structure of the 6-yr cycle of the atmospheric zonal wind circulation and inferred atmospheric angular momentum. These new findings should help understanding why and how such a 6-yr periodicity manifest across the whole Earth system.
Noémie Lalau, Michaël Ablain, Thomas Vaujour, François Boy, Gerald Dibarboure, and Alejandro Egido
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6364, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6364, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how to maintain continuous sea level measurements between current Sentinel-3 satellites and the upcoming Sentinel-3 Next Generation Topography mission. Because of new satellite designs, a 4-hour delay will exists between observations during the calibration phase. By simulating this lag, we found that, despite increased uncertainty, reliable calibration is possible. Extending this phase to one year ensures a stable, long-term record for climate and ocean monitoring.
Kristian Strommen, Michael Mayer, Andrea Storto, Jonas Spaeth, and Steffen Tietsche
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6402, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6402, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical weather forecasts of sea ice are unreliable, exhibiting an overly narrow range of plausible sea ice evolutions. Stochastic perturbations introduce randomness to the forecast in order to alleviate this by representing uncertainties in the representation of sea ice physics. We show that such including such perturbations in a forecast model improves the reliability of sea ice forecasts, and furthermore results in improved seasonal forecasts of the northern European winter circulation.
Haohao Zhang, Andrea Storto, Xuezhi Bai, and Chunxue Yang
The Cryosphere, 19, 6807–6826, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6807-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6807-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using a 1D coupled ice-ocean model, we quantified the effects of meltwater and ice-albedo feedback independently. The meltwater reduces melting by 19 % through thermal isolation, while ice-albedo feedback increases melting by 41 %, with nonlinear coupling between them. In winter, meltwater protects ice in weakly stratified areas by blocking Atlantic heat. Our study provides new insights into the relative importance of different components in the Arctic ice-ocean system.
Amélie Loubet, Simon J. van Gennip, Romain Bourdallé-Badie, and Marie Drevillon
State Planet, 6-osr9, 11, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-11-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-11-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are intensifying due to climate change. In 2023, the Copernicus Marine forecast system tracked a significant MHW event in the North Atlantic tropical ocean. We show this event was unprecedented, at the surface and at depth. It peaked in the north-east in May, spreading south-west to reach the Caribbean by autumn. In the east and centre parts, the MHW remained within the surface layers, while in the Caribbean, it reached deeper levels due to warm waters advected by equatorial eddies.
Andrea Storto, Sergey Frolov, Laura Slivinski, and Chunxue Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4789–4804, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4789-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4789-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Inaccuracies in air–sea heat fluxes severely degrade the accuracy of ocean numerical simulations. Here, we use artificial neural networks to correct air–sea heat fluxes as a function of oceanic and atmospheric state predictors. The correction successfully improves surface and subsurface ocean temperatures beyond the training period and in prediction experiments.
Marie Bouih, Anne Barnoud, Chunxue Yang, Andrea Storto, Alejandro Blazquez, William Llovel, Robin Fraudeau, and Anny Cazenave
Ocean Sci., 21, 1425–1440, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Present-day sea level rise is not uniform regionally. For better understanding of regional sea level variations, a classical approach is to compare the observed sea level trend patterns with those of the sum of the contributions. If the regional sea level trend budget is not closed, this allows the detection of errors in the observing systems. Our study shows that the trend budget is not closed in the North Atlantic Ocean and identifies errors in Argo-based salinity data as the main suspect.
Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Gérald Dibarboure, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Mounir Benkiran, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Yannice Faugère, and Elisabeth Remy
Ocean Sci., 21, 1329–1347, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1329-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1329-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
By providing all weather, global, and real-time observations of sea level, a key variable to constrain ocean analysis and forecasting systems, satellite altimetry has had a profound impact on the development of operational oceanography. This paper provides an overview of the development and evolution of satellite altimetry and operational oceanography over the past 20 years from the launch of Jason-1 in 2001 to the launch of SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) in 2022.
Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Marie Drevillon, and Fabrice Hernandez
State Planet, 5-opsr, 16, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-16-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-16-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Operational forecasting systems require best practices for assessing the quality of ocean products. The authors discuss the role of the observing network in performing validation of ocean models, identifying current gaps but also emphasizing the need of new metrics. An analysis on the level of maturity of validation processes from global to regional systems is provided. A rich variety of approaches exists. An example is provided of how the Copernicus Marine Service organizes product quality information.
Michaël Ablain, Noémie Lalau, Benoit Meyssignac, Robin Fraudeau, Anne Barnoud, Gérald Dibarboure, Alejandro Egido, and Craig Donlon
Ocean Sci., 21, 343–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-343-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-343-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a novel cross-validation method to assess the instrumental stability in sea level trends. The method involves implementing a second tandem flight phase between two successive altimeter missions a few years after the first phase. The trend in systematic instrumental differences made during the two tandem phases can be estimated below ± 0.1 mm yr-1 (16–84 % confidence level) on a global scale for time intervals between the tandem phases of 4 years or more.
Antonio Sánchez-Román, Flora Gues, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Ananda Pascual, and Marie Drévillon
State Planet, 4-osr8, 4, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-4-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-4-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the changing pattern of the Gulf Stream over the last 3 decades as observed in the altimetric record (1993–2022). Changes in the Gulf Stream path have an effect on its speed (and associated energy) and also on waters transported towards the subpolar North Atlantic, impacting Europe's climate. The observed shifts in the paths seem to be linked to variability in the North Atlantic Ocean during winter that may play an important role.
Florence Marti, Benoit Meyssignac, Victor Rousseau, Michaël Ablain, Robin Fraudeau, Alejandro Blazquez, and Sébastien Fourest
State Planet, 4-osr8, 3, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-3-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-3-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As space geodetic observations are used to monitor the global ocean heat content change, they allow estimating the Earth energy imbalance (EEI). Over 1993–2022, the space geodetic EEI estimate shows a positive trend of 0.29 W m−2 per decade, indicating accelerated warming of the ocean in line with other independent estimates. The study highlights the importance of comparing various estimates and their uncertainties to reliably assess EEI changes.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Jonathan Baker, Clément Bricaud, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Lluis Castrillo, Lijing Cheng, Frederic Chevallier, Daniele Ciani, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Gilles Garric, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Kevin Hodges, Doroteaciro Iovino, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Thomas Lavergne, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Audrey Minière, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Ad Stoffelen, Sulian Thual, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, Chunxue Yang, and Hao Zuo
State Planet, 4-osr8, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-1-2024, 2024
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Ali Aydogdu, Lluis Castrillo, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Cipollone, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Kevin Hodges, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Priidik Lagemaa, Vidar Lien, Leonardo Lima, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Ilja Maljutenko, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Pietro Miraglio, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Roshin Raj, Ad Stoffelen, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, 2024
Vincenzo de Toma, Daniele Ciani, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Chunxue Yang, Vincenzo Artale, Andrea Pisano, Davide Cavaliere, Rosalia Santoleri, and Andrea Storto
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5145–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores methods to reconstruct diurnal variations in skin sea surface temperature in a model of the Mediterranean Sea. Our new approach, considering chlorophyll concentration, enhances spatial and temporal variations in the warm layer. Comparative analysis shows context-dependent improvements. The proposed "chlorophyll-interactive" method brings the surface net total heat flux closer to zero annually, despite a net heat loss from the ocean to the atmosphere.
Sylvain Cailleau, Laurent Bessières, Léonel Chiendje, Flavie Dubost, Guillaume Reffray, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Simon van Gennip, Charly Régnier, Marie Drevillon, Marc Tressol, Matthieu Clavier, Julien Temple-Boyer, and Léo Berline
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3157–3173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve Sargassum drift forecasting in the Caribbean area, drift models can be forced by higher-resolution ocean currents. To this goal a 3 km resolution regional ocean model has been developed. Its assessment is presented with a particular focus on the reproduction of fine structures representing key features of the Caribbean region dynamics and Sargassum transport. The simulated propagation of a North Brazil Current eddy and its dissipation was found to be quite realistic.
Julia Pfeffer, Anny Cazenave, Alejandro Blazquez, Bertrand Decharme, Simon Munier, and Anne Barnoud
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3743–3768, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3743-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3743-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) satellite mission enabled the quantification of water mass redistributions from 2002 to 2017. The analysis of GRACE satellite data shows here that slow changes in terrestrial water storage occurring over a few years to a decade are severely underestimated by global hydrological models. Several sources of errors may explain such biases, likely including the inaccurate representation of groundwater storage changes.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Andrea Storto, Yassmin Hesham Essa, Vincenzo de Toma, Alessandro Anav, Gianmaria Sannino, Rosalia Santoleri, and Chunxue Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4811–4833, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4811-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4811-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Regional climate models are a fundamental tool for a very large number of applications and are being increasingly used within climate services, together with other complementary approaches. Here, we introduce a new regional coupled model, intended to be later extended to a full Earth system model, for climate investigations within the Mediterranean region, coupled data assimilation experiments, and several downscaling exercises (reanalyses and long-range predictions).
Anny Cazenave, Julia Pfeffer, Mioara Mandea, and Veronique Dehant
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 733–735, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-733-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-733-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
While a 6-year oscillation has been reported for some time in the motions of the fluid outer core of the Earth, in the magnetic field and in the Earth rotation, novel results indicate that the climate system also oscillates at this 6-year frequency. This strongly suggests the existence of coupling mechanisms affecting the Earth system as a whole, from the deep Earth interior to the surface fluid envelopes.
Victor Rousseau, Robin Fraudeau, Matthew Hammond, Odilon Joël Houndegnonto, Michaël Ablain, Alejandro Blazquez, Fransisco Mir Calafat, Damien Desbruyères, Giuseppe Foti, William Llovel, Florence Marti, Benoît Meyssignac, Marco Restano, and Jérôme Benveniste
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-236, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-236, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The estimation of regional Ocean Heat Content (OHC) is crucial for climate analysis and future climate predictions. In our study, we accurately estimate regional OHC changes in the Atlantic Ocean using satellite and in situ data. Findings reveal significant warming in the Atlantic basin from 2002 to 2020 with a mean trend of 0.17W/m², representing 230 times the power of global nuclear plants. The product has also been successfully validated in the North Atlantic basin using in situ data.
Inès N. Otosaka, Andrew Shepherd, Erik R. Ivins, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Charles Amory, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Martin Horwath, Ian Joughin, Michalea D. King, Gerhard Krinner, Sophie Nowicki, Anthony J. Payne, Eric Rignot, Ted Scambos, Karen M. Simon, Benjamin E. Smith, Louise S. Sørensen, Isabella Velicogna, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Geruo A, Cécile Agosta, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Alejandro Blazquez, William Colgan, Marcus E. Engdahl, Xavier Fettweis, Rene Forsberg, Hubert Gallée, Alex Gardner, Lin Gilbert, Noel Gourmelen, Andreas Groh, Brian C. Gunter, Christopher Harig, Veit Helm, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Christoph Kittel, Hannes Konrad, Peter L. Langen, Benoit S. Lecavalier, Chia-Chun Liang, Bryant D. Loomis, Malcolm McMillan, Daniele Melini, Sebastian H. Mernild, Ruth Mottram, Jeremie Mouginot, Johan Nilsson, Brice Noël, Mark E. Pattle, William R. Peltier, Nadege Pie, Mònica Roca, Ingo Sasgen, Himanshu V. Save, Ki-Weon Seo, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst J. O. Schrama, Ludwig Schröder, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Thomas Slater, Giorgio Spada, Tyler C. Sutterley, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, Jan Melchior van Wessem, David Wiese, Wouter van der Wal, and Bert Wouters
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1597–1616, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
By measuring changes in the volume, gravitational attraction, and ice flow of Greenland and Antarctica from space, we can monitor their mass gain and loss over time. Here, we present a new record of the Earth’s polar ice sheet mass balance produced by aggregating 50 satellite-based estimates of ice sheet mass change. This new assessment shows that the ice sheets have lost (7.5 x 1012) t of ice between 1992 and 2020, contributing 21 mm to sea level rise.
Karina von Schuckmann, Audrey Minière, Flora Gues, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Gottfried Kirchengast, Susheel Adusumilli, Fiammetta Straneo, Michaël Ablain, Richard P. Allan, Paul M. Barker, Hugo Beltrami, Alejandro Blazquez, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, John Church, Damien Desbruyeres, Han Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Donata Giglio, John E. Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Maria Z. Hakuba, Stefan Hendricks, Shigeki Hosoda, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Anton Korosov, Gerhard Krinner, Mikael Kuusela, Felix W. Landerer, Moritz Langer, Thomas Lavergne, Isobel Lawrence, Yuehua Li, John Lyman, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Trevor McDougall, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Jan Nitzbon, Inès Otosaka, Jian Peng, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Kanako Sato, Katsunari Sato, Abhishek Savita, Axel Schweiger, Andrew Shepherd, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Leon Simons, Donald A. Slater, Thomas Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Toshio Suga, Tanguy Szekely, Wim Thiery, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Inne Vanderkelen, Susan E. Wjiffels, Tonghua Wu, and Michael Zemp
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Anne Barnoud, Julia Pfeffer, Anny Cazenave, Robin Fraudeau, Victor Rousseau, and Michaël Ablain
Ocean Sci., 19, 321–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-321-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-321-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The increase in ocean mass due to land ice melting is responsible for about two-thirds of the global mean sea level rise. The ocean mass variations are monitored by GRACE and GRACE Follow-On gravimetry satellites that faced instrumental issues over the last few years. In this work, we assess the robustness of these data by comparing the ocean mass gravimetry estimates to independent observations (other satellite observations, oceanographic measurements and land ice and water models).
Florence Marti, Alejandro Blazquez, Benoit Meyssignac, Michaël Ablain, Anne Barnoud, Robin Fraudeau, Rémi Jugier, Jonathan Chenal, Gilles Larnicol, Julia Pfeffer, Marco Restano, and Jérôme Benveniste
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 229–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-229-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-229-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere due to the increase in greenhouse gases and aerosol concentrations is responsible for the accumulation of energy in the climate system. With its high thermal inertia, the ocean accumulates most of this energy excess in the form of heat. The estimation of the global ocean heat content through space geodetic observations allows monitoring of the energy imbalance with realistic uncertainties to better understand the Earth’s warming climate.
Cited articles
Ablain, M., Legeais, J. F., Prandi, P., Marcos, M., Fenoglio-Marc, L., Dieng, H. B., Benveniste, J., and Cazenave, A.: Satellite altimetry-based sea level at global and regional scales, Surv. Geophys., 38, 7–31, 2017.
Ambaum, M. H. P., Hoskins, B. J., and Stephenson, D. B.: Arctic Oscillation or North Atlantic Oscillation?, J. Climate, 14, 3495–3507, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3495:AOONAO>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Amin, H., Bagherbandi, M., and Sjöberg, L. E.: Quantifying barystatic sea-level change from satellite altimetry, GRACE and Argo observations over 2005–2016, Adv. Space Res., 65, 1922–1940, 2020.
Andrew, J. A. M., Leach, H., and Woodworth, P. L.: The relationships between tropical Atlantic sea level variability and major climate indices, Ocean Dynam., 56, 452–463, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0068-z, 2006.
Androsov, A., Boebel, O., Schröter, J., Danilov, S., Macrander, A., and Ivanciu, I.: Ocean bottom pressure variability: Can it be reliably modeled? J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015469, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015469, 2020.
Barnoud, A., Pfeffer, J., Guérou, A., Frery, M.-L., Siméon, M., Cazenave, A., Chen, J., Llovel, W., Thierry, V., Legeais, J.-F., and Ablain, M.: Contributions of altimetry and Argo to non-closure of the global mean sea level budget since 2016, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL092824, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl092824, 2021.
Barnoud, A., Picard, B., Meyssignac, B., Marti, F., Ablain, M., and Roca, R.: Reducing the uncertainty in the satellite altimetry estimates of global mean sea level trends using highly stable water vapor climate data records, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 128, e2022JC019378, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019378, 2023a.
Barnoud, A., Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A., Fraudeau, R., Rousseau, V., and Ablain, M.: Revisiting the global mean ocean mass budget over 2005–2020, Ocean Sci., 19, 321–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-321-2023, 2023b.
Camargo, C. M. L., Riva, R. E. M., Hermans, T. H. J., and Slangen, A. B. A.: Trends and uncertainties of mass-driven sea-level change in the satellite altimetry era, Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1351–1375, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1351-2022, 2022.
Caron, L., Ivins, E., Larour, E., Adhikari, S., Nilsson, J., and Blewitt, G.: GIA model statistics for GRACE hydrology, cryosphere, and ocean science, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 2203–2212, 2018.
Cazenave, A., and Moreira, L.: Contemporary sea-level changes from global to local scales: a review, P. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 25, 478, 20220049, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2022.0049, 2022.
Chang, L., Tang, H., Wang, Q., and Sun, W.: Global thermosteric sea level change contributed by the deep ocean below 2000 m estimated by Argo and CTD data, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 524, 115727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115727, 2019.
Cheng, M., Tapley, B. D., and Ries, J. C.: Deceleration in the Earth's oblateness, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 740–747, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50058, 2013.
Criado-Aldeanueva, F., Soto-Navarro, F. J., and García-Lafuente, J.: Large-scale atmospheric forcing influencing the long-term variability of Mediterranean heat and freshwater budgets: Climatic indices, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 650–663, 2014.
Cheng, L., Trenberth, K. E., Gruber, N., Abraham, J. P., Fasullo, J. T., Li, G., Mann, M. E., Zhao, X., and Zhu, J.: Improved Estimates of Changes in Upper Ocean Salinity and the Hydrological Cycle, J. Climate, 33, 10357–10381, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0366.1, 2020.
Chevan, A. and Sutherland, M.: Hierarchical Partitioning, Am. Stat. 45, 90–96, 1991.
Desportes, C., Garric, G., Régnier, C., Drévillon, M., Parent, L., Drillet, Y., Masina, S., Storto, A., Mirouze, I., Cipollone, A., Zuo, H., Balmaseda, M., Peterson, D., Wood, R., Jackson, L., Mulet, S., Grenier, E., and Gounou, A.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Quality Information Document for the Global Ocean Ensemble Physics Reanalysis, GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_PHY_001_031, Issue 1.1, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-GLO-QUID-001-031.pdf (last access: 24 July 2023), 2022.
Di Lorenzo, E., Schneider, N., Cobb, K. M., Franks, P. J. S., Chhak, K., Miller, A. J., McWilliams, J. C., Bograd, S. J., Arango, H., Curchitser, E., Powell, T. M., and Rivière, P.: North Pacific Gyre Oscillation links ocean climate and ecosystem change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032838, 2008.
Efron, B.: Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife, Ann. Stat., 7, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344552, 1979.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Global Ocean Ensemble Physics Reanalysis, Mercator Ocean International [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00024, 2022a.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Global Ocean Gridded L 4 Sea Surface Heights And Derived Variables Reprocessed 1993 Ongoing, Mercator Ocean International [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00148, 2022b.
Fang, M., Li, X., Chen, H. W., and Chen, D.: Arctic amplification modulated by Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and greenhouse forcing on multidecadal to century scales, Nat. Commun., 13, 1865, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29523-x, 2022.
Fox-Kemper, B., Hewitt, H. T., Xiao, C., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Drijfhout, S. S., Edwards, T. L., N. R. Golledge, M. H., Kopp, R. E., Krinner, G., Mix, A., Notz, D., Nowicki, S., Nurhati, I. S., Ruiz, L., Sallée, J.-B., Slangen, A. B. A., and Yu, Y.: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1211–1362, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.011, 2021.
Frederikse, T., Riva, R. E. M., and King, M. A.: Ocean bottom deformation due to present-day mass redistribution and its impact on sea level observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12306–12314, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075419, 2017.
Frederikse, T., Landerer, F., Caron, L., Adhikari, S., Parkes, D., Humphrey, V. W., Dangendorf, S., Hogarth, P., Zanna, L., Cheng, L., and Wu, Y. H.: The causes of sea-level rise since 1900, Nature, 584, 393–397, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2591-3, 2020.
Friedman, J. H., Hastie, T., and Tibshirani, R.: Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent, J. Stat. Softw., 33, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v033.i01, 2010.
Fukumori, I., Wang, O., Fenty, I., Forget, G., Heimbach, P., Ponte, R. M.: ECCO Version 4 Release 4, https://ecco-group.org/docs/v4r4_synopsis.pdf, last access: 7 August 2020.
Good, S. A., Martin, M. J., and Rayner, N. A.: EN4: quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 6704–6716, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009067, 2013.
Gounou, A., Drevillon, M., and Clavier, M.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product User Manual for the Global Ocean Ensemble Physics Reanalysis, GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_PHY_001_031, Issue 1.1, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-GLO-PUM-001-031.pdf (last access: 24 July 2023), 2022.
Greatbatch, R. J.: A note on the representation of steric sea level in models that conserve volume rather than mass, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12767–12771, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC00847, 1994.
Gregory, J. M., Griffies, S. M., Hughes, C. W., Lowe, J. A., Church, J. A., Fukimori, I., Gomez, N., Kopp, R. E., Landerer, F., Cozannet, G. L., Ponte, R. M., Stammer, D., Tamisiea, M. E., and van de Wal, R. S.: Concepts and Terminology for Sea Level: Mean, Variability and Change, Both Local and Global, Surv. Geophys., 40, 1251–1289, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09525-z, 2019.
Groemping, U.: Relative Importance for Linear Regression in R: The Package relaimpo, J. Stat. Softw., 17, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v017.i01, 2006.
Guérou, A., Meyssignac, B., Prandi, P., Ablain, M., Ribes, A., and Bignalet-Cazalet, F.: Current observed global mean sea level rise and acceleration estimated from satellite altimetry and the associated measurement uncertainty, Ocean Sci., 19, 431–451, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-431-2023, 2023.
Han, W., Meehl, G. A., Stammer, D., Hu, A., Hamlington, B., Kenigson, J., Palanisamy, H., and Thompson, P.: Spatial Patterns of Sea Level Variability Associated with Natural Internal Climate Modes, Surv. Geophys., 38, 217–250, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-016-9386-y, 2017.
Horvath, A., Murböck, M., Pail, R., and Horwath, M.: Decorrelation of GRACE time variable gravity field solutions using full covariance information, Geosciences, 8, 323, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8090323, 2018.
Horwath, M., Gutknecht, B. D., Cazenave, A., Palanisamy, H. K., Marti, F., Marzeion, B., Paul, F., Le Bris, R., Hogg, A. E., Otosaka, I., Shepherd, A., Döll, P., Cáceres, D., Müller Schmied, H., Johannessen, J. A., Nilsen, J. E. Ø., Raj, R. P., Forsberg, R., Sandberg Sørensen, L., Barletta, V. R., Simonsen, S. B., Knudsen, P., Andersen, O. B., Ranndal, H., Rose, S. K., Merchant, C. J., Macintosh, C. R., von Schuckmann, K., Novotny, K., Groh, A., Restano, M., and Benveniste, J.: Global sea-level budget and ocean-mass budget, with a focus on advanced data products and uncertainty characterisation, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 411–447, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022, 2022.
Hughes, C. W., Williams, J., Blaker, A., Coward, A., and Stepanov, V.: A window on the deep ocean: The special value of ocean bottom pressure for monitoring the large-scale, deep-ocean circulation, Prog. Oceanogr., 161, 19–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.01.011, 2018.
Iglesias, I., Lorenzo, M. N., Lázaro, C., Fernandes, M. J., and Bastos, L.: Sea level anomaly in the North Atlantic and seas around Europe: Long-term variability and response to North Atlantic teleconnection patterns, Sci. Total Environ., 609, 861–874, 2017.
Ishii, M., Kimoto, M., Sakamoto, K., and Iwasaki, S. I.: Steric sea level changes estimated from historical ocean subsurface temperature and salinity analyses, J. Oceanogr., 62, 155–170, 2006.
Köhl, A., Stammer, D., and Cornuelle, B.: Interannual to Decadal Changes in the ECCO Global Synthesis, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 313–337, 2007.
Köhl, A., Siegismund, F., and Stammer, D.: Impact of assimilating bottom pressure anomalies from GRACE on ocean circulation estimates, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C04032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007623, 2012.
Kusche, J., Schmidt, R., Petrovic, S., and Rietbroek, R.: Decorrelated GRACE time-variable gravity solutions by GFZ, and their validation using a hydrological model, J. Geodesy, 83, 903–913, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-009-0308-3, 2009.
Landerer, F. W. and Volkov, D. L.: The anatomy of recent large sea level fluctuations in the Mediterranean Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 553–557, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50140, 2013.
Landerer, F. W., Flechtner, F. M., Save, H., Webb, F. H., Bandikova, T., Bertiger, W. I., Bettadpur, S. V., Byun, S. H., Dahle, C., Dobslaw, H., and Fahnestock, E.: Extending the global mass change data record: GRACE Follow-On instrument and science data performance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088306, 2020.
Lavergne, T., Sørensen, A. M., Kern, S., Tonboe, R., Notz, D., Aaboe, S., Bell, L., Dybkjær, G., Eastwood, S., Gabarro, C., Heygster, G., Killie, M. A., Brandt Kreiner, M., Lavelle, J., Saldo, R., Sandven, S., and Pedersen, L. T.: Version 2 of the EUMETSAT OSI SAF and ESA CCI sea-ice concentration climate data records, The Cryosphere, 13, 49–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-49-2019, 2019.
Legeais, J.-F., Meyssignac, B., Faugère, Y., Guerou, A., Ablain, M., Pujol, M.-I., Dufau, C., and Dibarboure G: Copernicus Sea Level Space Observations: A Basis for Assessing Mitigation and Developing Adaptation Strategies to Sea Level Rise, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 704721, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.704721, 2021.
Lemoine, J.-M. and Reinquin, F.: Processing of SLR Observations at CNES, Newsletter EGSIEM, 3 pp., http://www.egsiem.eu/images/Newsletters/EGSIEM_newsletter_no10.pdf (last access: 10 September 2024), 2017.
Li, F., Orsolini, Y. J., Wang, H., Gao, Y., and He, S.: Atlantic multidecadal oscillation modulates the impacts of Arctic sea ice decline, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 2497–2506, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076210, 2018.
Litzow, M. A., Malick, M. J., Bond, N. A., Cunningham, C. J., Gosselin, J. L., and Ward, E. J.: Quantifying a novel climate through changes in PDO-climate and PDO-salmon relationships, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087972, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087972, 2020.
Loomis, B. D., Rachlin, K. E., and Luthcke, S. B.: Improved Earth oblateness rate reveals increased ice sheet losses and mass-driven sea level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6910–6917, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082929, 2019.
Madec G. and The NEMO System Team: NEMO ocean engine, note Du pole de modélisation (Paris, France: Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248739, 2017.
Magellium/LEGOS: Barystatic and manometric sea level changes from GRACE and GRACE-FO (Version 4) [NetCDF], CNES [data set], https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/A01-2023.011, 2023a.
Magellium/LEGOS: Barystatic and manometric sea level changes from a sea level budget approach (Version 2) [NetCDF], CNES [data set], https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/A01-2023.012, 2023b.
Marcos, M.: Ocean bottom pressure variability in the Mediterranean Sea and its relationship with sea level from a numerical mode, Global Planet. Change, 124, 10–21, 2015.
Mayer, M., Haimberger, L., Pietschnig, M., and Storto, A.: Facets of Arctic energy accumulation based on observations and reanalyses 2000–2015, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10420–10429, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070557, 2016.
Mayer, M., Tietsche, S., Haimberger, L., Tsubouchi, T., Mayer, J., and Zuo, H.: An Improved Estimate of the Coupled Arctic Energy Budget, J. Climate, 32, 7915–7934, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0233.1, 2019.
Merrifield, M. A. and Thompson, P. R.: Interdecadal sea level variations in the Pacific: Distinctions between the tropics and extratropics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 6604–6610, 2018.
Muis, S., Haigh, I. D., Guimarães Nobre, G., Aerts, J. C. J. H., and Ward, P. J.: Influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on global coastal flooding, Earth's Future, 6, 1311–1322, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000909, 2018.
Olkin, I. and Finn, J. D.: Correlations redux, Psychol. Bull., 118, 155–164, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.155, 1995.
Oppenheimer, M., Abdelgawad, A., Hay, J., Glavovic, B., Cai, R., Marzeion, B., Hinkel, J., Cifuentes-Jara, M., Meyssignac, B., Van De Wal, R., DeConto, R., Sebesvari, Z., Magnan, A., and Ghosh, Hay, T. J., Isla, F., Marzeion, B., Meyssignac, B., and Sebesvari, Z.: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities, in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 321–445, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006, 2019.
Peltier, W. R.: Global Glacial Isostasy and the Surface of the Ice-Age Earth: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 32, 111–149, 2004.
Peltier, W. R., Argus, D. F., and Drummond, R.: Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: the global ICE-6GC (VM5a) model, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 450–487, 2015.
Peralta-Ferriz, C., Morison, J. H., Wallace, J. M., Bonin, J. A., and Zhang, J.: Arctic Ocean Circulation Patterns Revealed by GRACE, J. Climate, 27, 1445–1468, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00013.1, 2014.
Pfeffer, J., Cazenave, A., and Barnoud, A.: Analysis of the interannual variability in satellite gravity solutions: detection of climate modes fingerprints in water mass displacements across continents and oceans, Clim. Dynam., 58, 1065–1084, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05953-z, 2022.
Prandi, P., Meyssignac, B., Ablain, M., Spada, G., Ribes, A., and Benveniste, J.: Local sea level trends, accelerations and uncertainties over 1993–2019, Sci. Data, 8, 1, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00786-7, 2021.
Previdi, M., Smith, K. L., and Polvani, L. M.: Arctic amplification of climate change: a review of underlying mechanisms, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 093003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1c29, 2021.
Pujol, M.-I.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product User Manual for the For Sea Level Altimeter products, Issue 7.0, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-SL-PUM-008-032-068.pdf (last access: 24 July 2023), 2022.
Pujol, M.-I., Taburet, G., and SL-TAC team: EU Copernicus Marine Service Quality Information Document for the Sea Level TAC – DUACS products, Issue 8.2, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-SL-QUID-008-032-068.pdf (last access: 24 July 2023), 2022.
Revelle, W.: Psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research, R package version 2.3.6, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois [code], https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych (last access: 27 June 2024), 2023.
Schindelegger, M., Harker, A. A., Ponte, R. M., Dobslaw, H., and Salstein, D. A.: Convergence of daily GRACE solutions and models of submonthly ocean bottom pressure variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC017031, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017031, 2021.
Steiger, J. H.: Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix, Psychol. Bull., 87, 245–251, 1980.
Storto, A. and Yang, C.: Acceleration of the ocean warming from 1961 to 2022 unveiled by large-ensemble reanalyses, Nat. Commun., 15, 545, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44749-7, 2024.
Storto, A., Dobricic, S., Masina, S., and Di Pietro, P.: Assimilating Along-Track Altimetric Observations through Local Hydrostatic Adjustment in a Global Ocean Variational Assimilation System, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 738–754, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3350.1, 2011.
Storto A, Masina, S., Balmaseda, M., Guinehut, S., Xue, Y., Szekely, T., Fukumori, I., Forget, G., Chang, Y.-S., Good, S. A., Köhl, A., Vernieres, G., Ferry, N., Peterson, K. A., Behringer, D., Ishii, M., Masuda, S., Fujii, Y., Toyoda, T., Yin, Y., Valdivieso, M., Barnier, B., Boyer, T., Lee, T., Gourrion, J., Wang, O., Heimbach, P., Rosati, A., Kovach, R., Hernandez, F., Martin, M. J., Kamachi, M., Kuragano, T., Mogensen, K., Alves, O., Haines, K., and Wang, X.: Steric sea level variability (1993–2010) in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses and objective analyses, Clim. Dynam., 49, 709–729, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2554-9, 2017.
Storto, A., Bonaduce, A., Feng, X., and Yang, C.: Steric Sea Level Changes from Ocean Reanalyses at Global and Regional Scales, Water, 11, 1987, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11101987, 2019a.
Storto, A., Alvera-Azcárate, A., Balmaseda, M. A., Barth, A., Chevallier, M., Counillon, F., Domingues, C. M., Drevillon, M., Drillet, Y., Forget, G., Garric, G., Haines, K., Hernandez, F., Iovino, D., Jackson, L. C., Lellouche, J.-M., Masina, S., Mayer, M., Oke, P. R., Penny, S. G., Peterson, K. A., Yang, C., and Zuo, H.: Ocean Reanalyses: Recent Advances and Unsolved Challenges, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 418, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00418, 2019b.
Storto, A., Masina, S., Simoncelli, S., Iovino, D., Cipollone, A., Drevillon, M., Drillet, Y., von Schuckman, K., Parent, L., Garric, G., Greiner, E., Desportes, C., Zuo, H., Balmaseda, M., and Peterson, K. A.: The added value of the multi-system spread information for ocean heat content and steric sea level investigations in the CMEMS GREP ensemble reanalysis product, Clim. Dynam., 53, 287–312, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4585-5, 2019c.
Storto, A., Cheng, L., and Yang, C.: Revisiting the 2003–18 Deep Ocean Warming through Multiplatform Analysis of the Global Energy Budget, J. Climate, 35, 4701–4717, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0726.1, 2022.
Sun, Y., Ditmar, P., and Riva, R.: Observed changes in the Earth's dynamic oblateness from GRACE data and geophysical models, J. Geod., 90, 81–89, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-015-0852-y, 2016.
Tapley, B. D., Bettadpur, S., Ries, J. C., Thompson, P. F., and Watkins, M. M.: GRACE measurements of mass variability in the Earth system, Science, 305, 503–505, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099192, 2004.
Tibshirani, R.: Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso, J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B, 58, 267–288, 1996.
Tibshirani, R.: The LASSO method for variable selection in the Cox model, Statist. Med., 16, 385-395, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970228)16:4<385::AID-SIM380>3.0.CO;2-3, 1997.
Tsimplis, M. N. and Josey, S. A.: Forcing of the Mediterranean Sea by atmospheric oscillations over the North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 803–806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012098, 2001.
Volkov, D. L., Baringer, M., Smeed, D., Johns, W., and Landerer, F. W.: Teleconnection between the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Sea Level in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Climate, 32, 935–955, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0474.1, 2019.
Wong, A. P. S., Wijffels, S. E., Riser, S. C., Pouliquen, S., Hosoda, S., Roemmich, D., Gilson, J., Johnson, G. C., Martini, K., Murphy, D. J., Scanderbeg, M., Bhaskar, T. V. S. U., Buck, J. J. H., Merceur, F., Carval, T., Maze, G., Cabanes, C., André, X., Poffa, N., Yashayaev, I., Barker, P. M., Guinehut, S., Belbéoch, M., Ignaszewski, M., Baringer, M. O., Schmid, C., Lyman, J. M., McTaggart, K. E., Purkey, S. G., Zilberman, N., Alkire, M. B., Swift, D., Owens, W. B., Jayne, S. R., Hersh, C., Robbins, P., West-Mack, D., Bahr, F., Yoshida, S., Sutton, P. J. H., Cancouët, R., Coatanoan, C., Dobbler, D., Juan, A. G., Gourrion, J., Kolodziejczyk, N., Bernard, V., Bourlès, B., Claustre, H., D'Ortenzio, F., Le Reste, S., Le Traon, P.-Y., Rannou, J.-P., Saout-Grit, C., Speich, S., Thierry, V., Verbrugge, N., Angel-Benavides, I. M., Klein, B., Notarstefano, G., Poulain, P.-M., Vélez-Belchí, P., Suga, T., Ando, K., Iwasaska, N., Kobayashi, T., Masuda, S., Oka, E., Sato, K., Nakamura, T., Sato, K., Takatsuki, Y., Yoshida, T., Cowley, R., Lovell, J. L., Oke, P. R., van Wijk, E. M., Carse, F., Donnelly, M., Gould, W. J., Gowers, K., King, B. A., Loch, S. G., Mowat, M., Turton, J., Rama Rao, E. P., Ravichandran, M., Freeland, H. J., Gaboury, I., Gilbert, D., Greenan, B. J. W., Ouellet, M., Ross, T., Tran, A., Dong, M., Liu, Z., Xu, J., Kang, K., Jo, H., Kim, S.-D., and Park, H.-M.: Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 700, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00700, 2020.
Short summary
The variability in the manometric sea level (i.e. the sea level mass component) in three ocean basins is investigated in this study using three different methods (reanalyses, gravimetry, and altimetry in combination with in situ observations). We identify the emerging long-term signals, the consistency of the datasets, and the influence of large-scale climate modes on the regional manometric sea level variations at both seasonal and interannual timescales.
The variability in the manometric sea level (i.e. the sea level mass component) in three ocean...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint