Articles | Volume 3-slre1
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-4-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-4-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
29 Oct 2024
| SLRE1 | Chapter 4
| 29 Oct 2024 | SLRE1 | Chapter 4
Sea Level Rise in Europe: Observations and projections
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, 31400, France
Roderik van de Wal
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Angel Amores
Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Esporles, 07190, Spain
Department of Physics, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, 07122, Spain
Arne Arns
Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Alisée A. Chaigneau
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, 31400, France
IHCantabria – Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, Isabel Torres 15, 39011 Santander, Spain
Irina Dinu
Department of Interdisciplinary Studies and Coastal Management, Institute for Marine Geology and Geoecology (GeoEcoMar), Bucharest, 024053, Romania
Ivan D. Haigh
School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
Tim H. J. Hermans
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
Piero Lionello
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
Marta Marcos
Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Esporles, 07190, Spain
Department of Physics, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, 07122, Spain
H. E. Markus Meier
Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, 18119 Rostock, Germany
Benoit Meyssignac
LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
Matthew D. Palmer
Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3 PB, United Kingdom
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UH, United Kingdom
Ronja Reese
Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
Matthew J. R. Simpson
Norwegian Mapping Authority, Geodetic Institute, Hønefoss, 3511, Norway
Aimée B. A. Slangen
Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Yerseke, 4401 NT, the Netherlands
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Cited
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A Multi-Method Approach to the Analysis of Trends and Cyclical Variability in Sea Level Along the Southern Baltic Coast K. Pajak et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18142398
- Sea Level Rise in Europe: Summary for Policymakers B. van den Hurk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-1-2024
- Sea Level Rise in Europe: Impacts and consequences R. van de Wal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-5-2024
- From Fragmentation to Integration: A Review of Data–Model Integration in Land Subsidence Research M. Verberne et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2026.100567
- Sea Level Rise in Europe: A knowledge hub at the ocean–climate nexus N. Pinardi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-2-2024
- A semi-empirical approach to estimate the future frequency of extreme sea level events: the case study of Trieste (North Adriatic) F. Raicich & D. Bonaldo https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07879-9
- Long-Term Sea Level Trend Along the West Coast of Sumatra Derived From Satellite Altimetry (1993–2024) W. Utami et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-026-01109-0
- The Eastern Mediterranean Sea mean sea level decadal slowdown: the effects of the water budget F. Borile et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1472731
- Geochemistry of sediment precipitated during acid mine drainage-seawater interaction. Implications for metal mining impacts on estuarine systems K. Lecomte et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2025.122794
- CMIP7 data request: ocean and sea ice priorities and opportunities B. Fox-Kemper et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6043-2026
- Monitoring of coastal change using remote sensing and geographic information system, natural and anthropogenic impacts, Cap Bon Peninsula Tunisia S. Ktari et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-026-01173-1
- Drivers of high-frequency extreme sea levels around northern Europe – synergies between recurrent neural networks and random forest C. Heuzé et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1813-2025
- Vulnerability of the Tunisian Northeast Coasts: A Comprehensive Multi-Decadal Analysis of Shoreline Changes and Urbanization Trends F. Srarfi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-026-01171-8
- Regionalized Mediterranean relative sea level projections under high-emission regional climate scenarios I. Parras-Berrocal et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae15a5
- Developing a cloud-based service offering actionable coastal climate risk and adaptation data across Europe A. Luijendijk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2026.100678
- Observational uncertainties on past and future sea level rise for Marseille and Brest tide gauges J. Chenal https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.302
- Dynamic projections of extreme sea levels for western Europe based on ocean and wind-wave modelling A. Chaigneau et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4031-2024
- Assessing future coastal hazards due to Mediterranean hurricanes under sea-level rise and storm intensification A. Kushabaha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106247
- Sea Level Rise in Europe: Governance context and challenges A. Bisaro et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-7-2024
- Sea Level Rise in Europe: Knowledge gaps identified through a participatory approach J. Jiménez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-3-2024
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A Multi-Method Approach to the Analysis of Trends and Cyclical Variability in Sea Level Along the Southern Baltic Coast K. Pajak et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18142398
- Sea Level Rise in Europe: Summary for Policymakers B. van den Hurk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-1-2024
- Sea Level Rise in Europe: Impacts and consequences R. van de Wal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-5-2024
- From Fragmentation to Integration: A Review of Data–Model Integration in Land Subsidence Research M. Verberne et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2026.100567
- Sea Level Rise in Europe: A knowledge hub at the ocean–climate nexus N. Pinardi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-2-2024
- A semi-empirical approach to estimate the future frequency of extreme sea level events: the case study of Trieste (North Adriatic) F. Raicich & D. Bonaldo https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07879-9
- Long-Term Sea Level Trend Along the West Coast of Sumatra Derived From Satellite Altimetry (1993–2024) W. Utami et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-026-01109-0
- The Eastern Mediterranean Sea mean sea level decadal slowdown: the effects of the water budget F. Borile et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1472731
- Geochemistry of sediment precipitated during acid mine drainage-seawater interaction. Implications for metal mining impacts on estuarine systems K. Lecomte et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2025.122794
- CMIP7 data request: ocean and sea ice priorities and opportunities B. Fox-Kemper et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6043-2026
- Monitoring of coastal change using remote sensing and geographic information system, natural and anthropogenic impacts, Cap Bon Peninsula Tunisia S. Ktari et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-026-01173-1
- Drivers of high-frequency extreme sea levels around northern Europe – synergies between recurrent neural networks and random forest C. Heuzé et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1813-2025
- Vulnerability of the Tunisian Northeast Coasts: A Comprehensive Multi-Decadal Analysis of Shoreline Changes and Urbanization Trends F. Srarfi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-026-01171-8
- Regionalized Mediterranean relative sea level projections under high-emission regional climate scenarios I. Parras-Berrocal et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae15a5
- Developing a cloud-based service offering actionable coastal climate risk and adaptation data across Europe A. Luijendijk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2026.100678
- Observational uncertainties on past and future sea level rise for Marseille and Brest tide gauges J. Chenal https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.302
- Dynamic projections of extreme sea levels for western Europe based on ocean and wind-wave modelling A. Chaigneau et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4031-2024
- Assessing future coastal hazards due to Mediterranean hurricanes under sea-level rise and storm intensification A. Kushabaha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106247
- Sea Level Rise in Europe: Governance context and challenges A. Bisaro et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-7-2024
- Sea Level Rise in Europe: Knowledge gaps identified through a participatory approach J. Jiménez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-3-2024
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 04 Aug 2026
Short summary
The EU Knowledge Hub on Sea Level Rise’s Assessment Report strives to synthesize the current scientific knowledge on sea level rise and its impacts across local, national, and EU scales to support evidence-based policy and decision-making, primarily targeting coastal areas. This paper complements IPCC reports by documenting the state of knowledge of observed and 21st century projected changes in mean and extreme sea levels with more regional information for EU seas as scoped with stakeholders.
The EU Knowledge Hub on Sea Level Rise’s Assessment Report strives to synthesize the current...
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