Articles | Volume 5-opsr
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-13-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-13-2025
02 Jun 2025
 | OPSR | Chapter 5.4
 | 02 Jun 2025 | OPSR | Chapter 5.4

Numerical models for monitoring and forecasting ocean ecosystems: a short description of the present status

Simone Libralato

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Latest update: 28 Oct 2025
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Short summary
This work examines the current classification of numerical models of increasing complexity – from individuals and population and stock assessment models to models representing the whole ecosystem by covering all trophic levels – and presents examples and their operational maturity, finally demonstrating their use for supporting marine resource management, conservation, planning, and mitigation actions.
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