Articles | Volume 4-osr8
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-4-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-4-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
30 Sep 2024
| OSR8 | Chapter 2.2
| 30 Sep 2024 | OSR8 | Chapter 2.2
Changes in the Gulf Stream path over the last 3 decades
Antonio Sánchez-Román
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Oceanography and Global Change, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marqués, 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain
Flora Gues
Mercator Ocean International, 2 Av. de l'Aérodrome de Montaudran, 31400 Toulouse, France
CELAD, 48 Rte de Lavaur, 31130 Balma, France
Romain Bourdalle-Badie
Mercator Ocean International, 2 Av. de l'Aérodrome de Montaudran, 31400 Toulouse, France
Marie-Isabelle Pujol
Collecte Localisation Satellites, Parc Technologique du Canal, 11 rue Hermès, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Ananda Pascual
Department of Oceanography and Global Change, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marqués, 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain
Marie Drévillon
Mercator Ocean International, 2 Av. de l'Aérodrome de Montaudran, 31400 Toulouse, France
Related authors
Antonio Sánchez-Román, M. Isabelle Pujol, Yannice Faugère, and Ananda Pascual
Ocean Sci., 19, 793–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-793-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-793-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper assesses the performance of the latest version (DT2021) of global gridded altimetry products distributed through the CMEMS and C3S Copernicus programs on the retrieval of sea level in the coastal zone of the European seas with respect to the previous DT2018 version. This comparison is made using an external independent dataset. DT2021 sea level products better solve the signal in the coastal band.
Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Stéphanie Dupuy, Oscar Vergara, Antonio Sánchez-Román, Yannice Faugère, Pierre Prandi, Mei-Ling Dabat, Quentin Dagneaux, Marine Lievin, Emeline Cadier, Gérald Dibarboure, and Nicolas Picot
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-292, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-292, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
An altimeter sea level along-track level-3 product with a 5 Hz (~1.2 km) sampling is proposed. It takes advantage of recent advances in radar altimeter processing, and improvements made to different stages of the processing chain. Compared to the conventional 1 Hz (~7 km) product, it significantly improves the observability of the short wavelength signal in open ocean and near coast areas (> 5 km). It also contributes to improving high resolution numerical model outputs via data assimilation.
Guillaume Taburet, Antonio Sanchez-Roman, Maxime Ballarotta, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Jean-François Legeais, Florent Fournier, Yannice Faugere, and Gerald Dibarboure
Ocean Sci., 15, 1207–1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1207-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1207-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper deals with sea level altimetery products. These geophysical data are distributed as along-track and gridded data through Copernicus programs CMEMS and C3S. We present in detail a new reprocessing of the data (DT2018) from 1993 to 2017. The main changes and their impacts since the last version (DT2014) are carefully discussed. This comparison is made using an independent dataset. DT2018 sea level products are improved at the global and regional scale, especially in coastal areas.
Yuri Cotroneo, Giuseppe Aulicino, Simon Ruiz, Antonio Sánchez Román, Marc Torner Tomàs, Ananda Pascual, Giannetta Fusco, Emma Heslop, Joaquín Tintoré, and Giorgio Budillon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 147–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-147-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-147-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present data collected from the first three glider surveys in the Algerian Basin conducted during the ABACUS project. After collection, data passed a quality control procedure and were then made available through an unrestricted repository. The main objective of our project is monitoring the basin circulation of the Mediterranean Sea. Temperature and salinity data collected in the first 975 m of the water column allowed us to identify the main water masses and describe their characteristics.
Antonio Sanchez-Roman, Gabriel Jorda, Gianmaria Sannino, and Damia Gomis
Ocean Sci., 14, 1547–1566, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1547-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1547-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the vertical transfers of heat, salt and mass between the inflowing and outflowing layers at the Strait of Gibraltar by using a 3-D model with very high spatial resolution that allows for a realistic representation of the exchange. Results show a significant transformation of the water mass properties along their path through the strait, mainly induced by the recirculation of water between layers, while mixing seems to have little influence on the heat and salt exchanged.
Antonio Sánchez-Román, Simón Ruiz, Ananda Pascual, Baptiste Mourre, and Stéphanie Guinehut
Ocean Sci., 13, 223–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-223-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-223-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we investigate the capability of the Argo array in the Mediterranean Sea to capture mesoscale circulation structures (diameter of around 150 km). To do that we conduct several experiments to simulate different spatial sampling configurations of the Argo array in the basin. Results show that the actual Argo array in the Mediterranean (2° × 2°) might be enlarged until a spatial resolution of nearly 75 × 75 km (450 floats) in order to capture the mesoscale signal.
Andrea Storto, Giulia Chierici, Julia Pfeffer, Anne Barnoud, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Alejandro Blazquez, Davide Cavaliere, Noémie Lalau, Benjamin Coupry, Marie Drevillon, Sebastien Fourest, Gilles Larnicol, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 12, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-12-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-12-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The variability in the manometric sea level (i.e. the sea level mass component) in three ocean basins is investigated in this study using three different methods (reanalyses, gravimetry, and altimetry in combination with in situ observations). We identify the emerging long-term signals, the consistency of the datasets, and the influence of large-scale climate modes on the regional manometric sea level variations at both seasonal and interannual timescales.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Jonathan Baker, Clément Bricaud, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Lluis Castrillo, Lijing Cheng, Frederic Chevallier, Daniele Ciani, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Gilles Garric, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Kevin Hodges, Doroteaciro Iovino, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Thomas Lavergne, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Audrey Minière, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Ad Stoffelen, Sulian Thual, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, Chunxue Yang, and Hao Zuo
State Planet, 4-osr8, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-1-2024, 2024
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Ali Aydogdu, Lluis Castrillo, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Cipollone, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Kevin Hodges, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Priidik Lagemaa, Vidar Lien, Leonardo Lima, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Ilja Maljutenko, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Pietro Miraglio, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Roshin Raj, Ad Stoffelen, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, 2024
Marcos G. Sotillo, Marie Drevillon, and Fabrice Hernandez
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-33, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-33, 2024
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Operational forecasting systems requires best practices for assessing the quality of ocean products. The Authors discusses on the role of observing network for performing validation of ocean models, identifying current gaps, but also emphasizing the need of new metrics. An analysis on the level of maturity of validation processes from global to regional systems is provided. A rich variety of approaches exists. Example of Copernicus Marine product quality organization is provided.
Maxime Ballarotta, Clément Ubelmann, Valentin Bellemin-Laponnaz, Florian Le Guillou, Guillaume Meda, Cécile Anadon, Alice Laloue, Antoine Delepoulle, Yannice Faugère, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Ronan Fablet, and Gérald Dibarboure
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2345, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2345, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides unprecedented swath altimetry data. This study examines SWOT's impact on mapping systems, showing a moderate effect with the current nadir altimetry constellation and a stronger impact with a reduced one. Integrating SWOT with dynamic mapping techniques improves the resolution of satellite-derived products, offering promising solutions for studying and monitoring sea-level variability at finer scales.
Florence Birol, François Bignalet-Cazalet, Mathilde Cancet, Jean-Alexis Daguze, Wassim Fkaier, Ergane Fouchet, Fabien Léger, Claire Maraldi, Fernando Niño, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, and Ngan Tran
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2449, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2449, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We take advantage of the availability of several algorithms for most of the terms/corrections used to calculate altimetry sea level data to analyze the sources of uncertainties associated when approaching the coast. The results highlight the hierarchy of sources of uncertainties. Tidal corrections and mean sea surface contribute to coastal sea level data uncertainties. But, improving the retracking algorithm is today the main factor to bring accurate altimetry sea level data closer to the shore.
Gerald Dibarboure, Cécile Anadon, Frédéric Briol, Emeline Cadier, Robin Chevrier, Antoine Delepoulle, Yannice Faugère, Alice Laloue, Rosemary Morrow, Nicolas Picot, Pierre Prandi, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Matthias Raynal, Anaelle Treboutte, and Clément Ubelmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1501, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1501, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission delivers unprecedented swath altimetry products. In this paper, we describe how we extended the Level-3 algorithms to handle SWOT’s unique swath-altimeter data. We also illustrate and discuss the benefits, relevance, and limitations of Level-3 swath-altimeter products for various research domains.
Sylvain Cailleau, Laurent Bessières, Léonel Chiendje, Flavie Dubost, Guillaume Reffray, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Simon van Gennip, Charly Régnier, Marie Drevillon, Marc Tressol, Matthieu Clavier, Julien Temple-Boyer, and Léo Berline
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3157–3173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve Sargassum drift forecasting in the Caribbean area, drift models can be forced by higher-resolution ocean currents. To this goal a 3 km resolution regional ocean model has been developed. Its assessment is presented with a particular focus on the reproduction of fine structures representing key features of the Caribbean region dynamics and Sargassum transport. The simulated propagation of a North Brazil Current eddy and its dissipation was found to be quite realistic.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Antonio Sánchez-Román, M. Isabelle Pujol, Yannice Faugère, and Ananda Pascual
Ocean Sci., 19, 793–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-793-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-793-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper assesses the performance of the latest version (DT2021) of global gridded altimetry products distributed through the CMEMS and C3S Copernicus programs on the retrieval of sea level in the coastal zone of the European seas with respect to the previous DT2018 version. This comparison is made using an external independent dataset. DT2021 sea level products better solve the signal in the coastal band.
Karina von Schuckmann, Audrey Minière, Flora Gues, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Gottfried Kirchengast, Susheel Adusumilli, Fiammetta Straneo, Michaël Ablain, Richard P. Allan, Paul M. Barker, Hugo Beltrami, Alejandro Blazquez, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, John Church, Damien Desbruyeres, Han Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Donata Giglio, John E. Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Maria Z. Hakuba, Stefan Hendricks, Shigeki Hosoda, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Anton Korosov, Gerhard Krinner, Mikael Kuusela, Felix W. Landerer, Moritz Langer, Thomas Lavergne, Isobel Lawrence, Yuehua Li, John Lyman, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Trevor McDougall, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Jan Nitzbon, Inès Otosaka, Jian Peng, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Kanako Sato, Katsunari Sato, Abhishek Savita, Axel Schweiger, Andrew Shepherd, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Leon Simons, Donald A. Slater, Thomas Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Toshio Suga, Tanguy Szekely, Wim Thiery, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Inne Vanderkelen, Susan E. Wjiffels, Tonghua Wu, and Michael Zemp
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Oscar Vergara, Rosemary Morrow, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Gérald Dibarboure, and Clément Ubelmann
Ocean Sci., 19, 363–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-363-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-363-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Recent advances allow us to observe the ocean from space with increasingly higher detail, challenging our knowledge of the ocean's surface height signature. We use a statistical approach to determine the spatial scale at which the sea surface height signal is no longer dominated by geostrophic turbulence but in turn becomes dominated by wave-type motions. This information helps us to better use the data provided by ocean-observing satellites and to gain knowledge on climate-driving processes.
Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Stéphanie Dupuy, Oscar Vergara, Antonio Sánchez-Román, Yannice Faugère, Pierre Prandi, Mei-Ling Dabat, Quentin Dagneaux, Marine Lievin, Emeline Cadier, Gérald Dibarboure, and Nicolas Picot
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-292, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-292, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
An altimeter sea level along-track level-3 product with a 5 Hz (~1.2 km) sampling is proposed. It takes advantage of recent advances in radar altimeter processing, and improvements made to different stages of the processing chain. Compared to the conventional 1 Hz (~7 km) product, it significantly improves the observability of the short wavelength signal in open ocean and near coast areas (> 5 km). It also contributes to improving high resolution numerical model outputs via data assimilation.
Roxane Tzortzis, Andrea M. Doglioli, Stéphanie Barrillon, Anne A. Petrenko, Francesco d'Ovidio, Lloyd Izard, Melilotus Thyssen, Ananda Pascual, Bàrbara Barceló-Llull, Frédéric Cyr, Marc Tedetti, Nagib Bhairy, Pierre Garreau, Franck Dumas, and Gérald Gregori
Biogeosciences, 18, 6455–6477, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyzes an original high-resolution data set collected in the Mediterranean Sea. The major result is the impact of a fine-scale frontal structure on the distribution of phytoplankton groups, in an area of moderate energy with oligotrophic conditions. Our results provide an in situ confirmation of the findings obtained by previous modeling studies and remote sensing about the structuring effect of the fine-scale ocean dynamics on the structure of the phytoplankton community.
Théo Brivoal, Guillaume Samson, Hervé Giordani, Romain Bourdallé-Badie, Florian Lemarié, and Gurvan Madec
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2020-78, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2020-78, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the interactions between near-surface winds and oceanic surface currents on the north-east atlantic region using a simplified lower atmosphere model coupled with an ocean model. we show that the upper ocean kinetic energy is significantly reduced due to these interactions, but in a smaller amplitude than if the wind feedback is ignored. We also show that wind-current interactions affect the deeper ocean by modifying its vertical structure and consequently the pressure field.
Guillaume Taburet, Antonio Sanchez-Roman, Maxime Ballarotta, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Jean-François Legeais, Florent Fournier, Yannice Faugere, and Gerald Dibarboure
Ocean Sci., 15, 1207–1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1207-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1207-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper deals with sea level altimetery products. These geophysical data are distributed as along-track and gridded data through Copernicus programs CMEMS and C3S. We present in detail a new reprocessing of the data (DT2018) from 1993 to 2017. The main changes and their impacts since the last version (DT2014) are carefully discussed. This comparison is made using an independent dataset. DT2018 sea level products are improved at the global and regional scale, especially in coastal areas.
Maxime Ballarotta, Clément Ubelmann, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Guillaume Taburet, Florent Fournier, Jean-François Legeais, Yannice Faugère, Antoine Delepoulle, Dudley Chelton, Gérald Dibarboure, and Nicolas Picot
Ocean Sci., 15, 1091–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1091-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1091-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the resolving capabilities of the DUACS gridded products delivered through the CMEMS catalogue. Our method is based on the noise-to-signal ratio approach. While altimeter along-track data resolve scales on the order of a few tens of kilometers, we found that the merging of these along-track data into continuous maps in time and space leads to effective resolution ranging from ~ 800 km wavelength at the Equator to 100 km wavelength at high latitude.
Evan Mason, Simón Ruiz, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Guillaume Reffray, Marcos García-Sotillo, and Ananda Pascual
Ocean Sci., 15, 1111–1131, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1111-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1111-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) provides oceanographic products and services. Using a mesoscale eddy tracker, we evaluate the performance of three CMEMS model products in the western Mediterranean. Performance testing provides valuable feedback to the model developers. The eddy tracker allows us to construct 3-D eddy composites for each model in the Alboran Sea gyres. Comparison of the composites with data from Argo floats highlights the importance of data assimilation for these models.
Yuri Cotroneo, Giuseppe Aulicino, Simon Ruiz, Antonio Sánchez Román, Marc Torner Tomàs, Ananda Pascual, Giannetta Fusco, Emma Heslop, Joaquín Tintoré, and Giorgio Budillon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 147–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-147-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-147-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present data collected from the first three glider surveys in the Algerian Basin conducted during the ABACUS project. After collection, data passed a quality control procedure and were then made available through an unrestricted repository. The main objective of our project is monitoring the basin circulation of the Mediterranean Sea. Temperature and salinity data collected in the first 975 m of the water column allowed us to identify the main water masses and describe their characteristics.
Charles Troupin, Ananda Pascual, Simon Ruiz, Antonio Olita, Benjamin Casas, Félix Margirier, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Giulio Notarstefano, Marc Torner, Juan Gabriel Fernández, Miquel Àngel Rújula, Cristian Muñoz, Eva Alou, Inmaculada Ruiz, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, John T. Allen, Amala Mahadevan, and Joaquín Tintoré
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 129–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-129-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-129-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The AlborEX (the Alboran Sea Experiment) consisted of an experiment in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean Sea) that took place between 25 and 31 May 2014, and use a wide range of oceanographic sensors. The dataset provides information on mesoscale and sub-mesoscale processes taking place in a frontal area. This paper presents the measurements obtained from these sensors and describes their particularities: scale, spatial and temporal resolutions, measured variables, etc.
Antonio Sanchez-Roman, Gabriel Jorda, Gianmaria Sannino, and Damia Gomis
Ocean Sci., 14, 1547–1566, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1547-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1547-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the vertical transfers of heat, salt and mass between the inflowing and outflowing layers at the Strait of Gibraltar by using a 3-D model with very high spatial resolution that allows for a realistic representation of the exchange. Results show a significant transformation of the water mass properties along their path through the strait, mainly induced by the recirculation of water between layers, while mixing seems to have little influence on the heat and salt exchanged.
Jean-Michel Lellouche, Eric Greiner, Olivier Le Galloudec, Gilles Garric, Charly Regnier, Marie Drevillon, Mounir Benkiran, Charles-Emmanuel Testut, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Florent Gasparin, Olga Hernandez, Bruno Levier, Yann Drillet, Elisabeth Remy, and Pierre-Yves Le Traon
Ocean Sci., 14, 1093–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1093-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1093-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the coming decades, a strong growth of the ocean economy is expected. Scientific advances in operational oceanography will play a crucial role in addressing many environmental challenges and in the development of ocean-related economic activities. In this context, remarkable improvements have been achieved with the current Mercator Ocean system. 3-D water masses, sea level, sea ice and currents have been improved, and thus major oceanic variables are hard to distinguish from the data.
Antonio Sánchez-Román, Simón Ruiz, Ananda Pascual, Baptiste Mourre, and Stéphanie Guinehut
Ocean Sci., 13, 223–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-223-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-223-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we investigate the capability of the Argo array in the Mediterranean Sea to capture mesoscale circulation structures (diameter of around 150 km). To do that we conduct several experiments to simulate different spatial sampling configurations of the Argo array in the basin. Results show that the actual Argo array in the Mediterranean (2° × 2°) might be enlarged until a spatial resolution of nearly 75 × 75 km (450 floats) in order to capture the mesoscale signal.
Helene T. Hewitt, Malcolm J. Roberts, Pat Hyder, Tim Graham, Jamie Rae, Stephen E. Belcher, Romain Bourdallé-Badie, Dan Copsey, Andrew Coward, Catherine Guiavarch, Chris Harris, Richard Hill, Joël J.-M. Hirschi, Gurvan Madec, Matthew S. Mizielinski, Erica Neininger, Adrian L. New, Jean-Christophe Rioual, Bablu Sinha, David Storkey, Ann Shelly, Livia Thorpe, and Richard A. Wood
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3655–3670, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3655-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3655-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the impact in a coupled model of increasing atmosphere and ocean horizontal resolution and the frequency of coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. We demonstrate that increasing the ocean resolution from 1/4 degree to 1/12 degree has a major impact on ocean circulation and global heat transports. The results add to the body of evidence suggesting that ocean resolution is an important consideration when developing coupled models for weather and climate applications.
Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Yannice Faugère, Guillaume Taburet, Stéphanie Dupuy, Camille Pelloquin, Michael Ablain, and Nicolas Picot
Ocean Sci., 12, 1067–1090, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1067-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1067-2016, 2016
Bàrbara Barceló-Llull, Evan Mason, Arthur Capet, and Ananda Pascual
Ocean Sci., 12, 1003–1011, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1003-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1003-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical velocity in the ocean makes an important contribution to the modulation of marine ecosystems through its impact on fluxes of nutrients and phytoplankton. Here, we estimate full 3-D current velocity fields from an observation-based data product. The 3-D currents are used to force a set of particle-tracking (Lagrangian) experiments. The Lagrangian results show that vertical motions induce local increases in nitrate uptake reaching up to 30 %.
F. d'Ovidio, A. Della Penna, T. W. Trull, F. Nencioli, M.-I. Pujol, M.-H. Rio, Y.-H. Park, C. Cotté, M. Zhou, and S. Blain
Biogeosciences, 12, 5567–5581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5567-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5567-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Field campaigns are instrumental in providing ground truth for understanding and modeling global ocean biogeochemical budgets. A survey however can only inspect a fraction of the global oceans, typically a region hundreds of kilometers wide for a temporal window of the order of (at most) several weeks. In this spatiotemporal domain, mesoscale variability can mask climatological contrasts. Here we propose the use of multisatellite-based Lagrangian diagnostics to solve this issue.
F. Dupont, S. Higginson, R. Bourdallé-Badie, Y. Lu, F. Roy, G. C. Smith, J.-F. Lemieux, G. Garric, and F. Davidson
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1577–1594, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1577-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1577-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
1/12th degree resolution runs of Arctic--Atlantic were compared for the period 2003-2009. We found good representation of sea surface height and of its statistics; model temperature and salinity in general agreement with in situ measurements, but upper ocean properties in Beaufort Sea are challenging; distribution of concentration and volume of sea ice is improved when slowing down the ice and further improvements require better initial conditions and modifications to mixing.
G. Reffray, R. Bourdalle-Badie, and C. Calone
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 69–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-69-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-69-2015, 2015
M.-H. Rio, A. Pascual, P.-M. Poulain, M. Menna, B. Barceló, and J. Tintoré
Ocean Sci., 10, 731–744, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-731-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-731-2014, 2014
P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, V. Artale, G. L. Borzelli-Eusebi, S. Brenner, A. Crise, M. Gacic, N. Kress, S. Marullo, M. Ribera d'Alcalà, S. Sofianos, T. Tanhua, A. Theocharis, M. Alvarez, Y. Ashkenazy, A. Bergamasco, V. Cardin, S. Carniel, G. Civitarese, F. D'Ortenzio, J. Font, E. Garcia-Ladona, J. M. Garcia-Lafuente, A. Gogou, M. Gregoire, D. Hainbucher, H. Kontoyannis, V. Kovacevic, E. Kraskapoulou, G. Kroskos, A. Incarbona, M. G. Mazzocchi, M. Orlic, E. Ozsoy, A. Pascual, P.-M. Poulain, W. Roether, A. Rubino, K. Schroeder, J. Siokou-Frangou, E. Souvermezoglou, M. Sprovieri, J. Tintoré, and G. Triantafyllou
Ocean Sci., 10, 281–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-281-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-281-2014, 2014
A. M. Treguier, J. Deshayes, J. Le Sommer, C. Lique, G. Madec, T. Penduff, J.-M. Molines, B. Barnier, R. Bourdalle-Badie, and C. Talandier
Ocean Sci., 10, 243–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-243-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-243-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Ajayi, A., Le Sommer, J.,Chassignet, E., Molines, J.-M.,Xu, X., Albert, A., and Cosme, E.: Spatial and temporalvariability of the North Atlantic eddyfield from two kilometric-resolutionocean models, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015827, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015827, 2020.
Andres, M.: On the recent destabilization of the Gulf Stream path downstream of Cape Hatteras, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 9836–9842, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069966, 2016.
Årthun, M., Eldevik, T., Viste, E., Drange, H., Furevik, T., Johnson, H. L., and Keenlyside, N. S.: Skillful prediction of northern climate provided by the ocean, Nat. Commun., 8, 15875, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15875, 2017.
Ballarotta, M., Ubelmann, C., Pujol, M.-I., Taburet, G., Fournier, F., Legeais, J.-F., Faugère, Y., Delepoulle, A., Chelton, D., Dibarboure, G., and Picot, N.: On the resolutions of ocean altimetry maps, Ocean Sci., 15, 1091–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1091-2019, 2019.
Buckley, M. W., and Marshall, J.: Observations, inferences, and mechanisms of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: A review, Rev. Geophys., 54, 5–63, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000493, 2016.
Busecke, J. J. and Abernathey, R. P.: Ocean mesoscale mixing linked to climate variability, Sci. Adv., 5, eaav5014, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5014, 2019.
Chelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G., and Samelson, R. M.: Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 167–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.002, 2011.
Chi, L., Wolfe, C. L. P., and Hameed, S.: The distinction between the Gulf Stream and its North Wall, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 8943–8951, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083775, 2019.
Chi, L., Wolfe, C. L. P., and Hameed, S.: Has the Gulf Stream slowed or shifted in the altimetry era?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093113, 2021.
Clement, A., Bellomo, K., Murphy, L. N., Cane, M. A., Mauritsen, T., Rädel, G., and Stevens, B.: The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation without a role for ocean circulation. Science, 350, 320–324, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab3980, 2015.
Climate Prediction Center: North Atlantic Oscillation, Climate Prediction Center, National Centers for Environmental Predictions, NOAA [data set], https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/pna/nao.shtml (last access: 27 January 2024), 2024.
Da Costa, E. and Colin de Verdiere, A.: The 7.7-year North Atlantic Oscillation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 797–817, https://doi.org/10.1256/0035900021643692, 2002.
Delworth, T. L. and Mann, M. E.: Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere, Clim. Dynam., 16, 661–676, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820000075, 2000.
Dong, S., Baringer, M. O., and Goni, G. J.: Slow down of the Gulf stream during 1993–2016, Sci. Rep., 9, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42820-8, 2019.
Drévillon, M., Lellouche, J.-M., Régnier, C., Garric, G., Bricaud, C., Hernandez, H., and Bourdallé-Badie, R.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product Quality Information Document for the Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis, GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_PHY_001_030, Issue 1.6, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-GLO-QUID-001-030.pdf (last access: 26 March 2024), 2023a.
Drévillon, M., Fernandez, E., and Lellouche, J.-M.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product User Manual for the Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis, GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_PHY_001_030, Issue 1.5, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-GLO-PUM-001-030.pdf (last access: 26 March 2024), 2023b.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Global Ocean Gridded L4 Sea Surface Heights And Derived Variables Reprocessed 1993 Ongoing, Mercator Ocean International [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00148, 2023a.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis, Mercator Ocean International [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00021, 2023b.
Frankignoul, C., de Coetlogon, G., Joyce, T. M., and Dong, S.: Gulf Stream variability and ocean–atmosphere interactions, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31, 3516–3529, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)031<3516:GSVAOA>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Gawarkiewicz, G., Todd, R. E., Zhang, W., Partida, J., Gangopadhyay, A., Monim, M.-U.-H., Fratantoni, F., Malek Mercer, A., and Dent M.: The changing nature of shelf- break exchange revealed by the OOI Pioneer Array, Oceanography, 31, 60–70, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2018.110, 2018.
Gray, L. J., Woollings, T., Andrews, M., and Knight, J.: Eleven-year solar cycle signal in the NAO and Atlantic/European blocking, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 1890–1903, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2782, 2016.
Greatbatch, R. J., Zhai,X., Claus, M., Czeschel, L., and Rath, W.: Transport driven by eddy momentum fluxes in the Gulf Stream Extension region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045473, 2010.
Guo, Y., Bachman, S., Bryan, F., and Bishop, S.: Increasing trends in oceanic surface poleward eddy heat flux observed over the past three decades, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099362, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl099362, 2022.
Guo, Y., Bishop, S., Bryan, F., and Bachman, S.: Mesoscale variability linked to interannual displacement of Gulf Stream, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL102549, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL102549, 2023.
Hoarfrost A., Balmonte J.P., Ghobrial S., Ziervogel K., Bane J., Gawarkiewicz G., and Arnosti C.: Gulf Stream Ring Water Intrusion on the Mid-Atlantic Bight Continental Shelf Break Affects Microbially Driven Carbon Cycling, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 394, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00394, 2019.
Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G., and Visbeck, M.: An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 134, 1–35, https://doi.org/10.1029/134GM01, 2003.
Johns, W. E., Baringer, M. O., Beal, L. M., Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T., Bryden, H. L., Hirschi, J. J. M., Marotzke, J., Meinen, C. S., Shaw, B., and Curry, R.: Continuous, array-based estimates of Atlantic Ocean heat transport at 26.5 N, J. Climate, 24, 2429–2449, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3997.1, 2011.
Joyce, T. M. and Zhang, R.: On the path of the Gulf Stream and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, J. Climate, 23, 3146–3154, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3310.1, 2010.
Joyce, T. M., Deser, C., and Spall, M. A.: The relation between decadal variability of subtropical mode water and the North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Climate, 13, 2550–2569, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2550:TRBDVO>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Joyce, T. M., Kwon, Y.-O., and Yu, L.: On the relationship between synoptic wintertime atmospheric variability and path shifts in the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio Extension, J. Climate, 22, 3177–3192, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2690.1, 2009.
Kang, D. and Curchitser, E. N.: Energetics of eddy–mean flow interactions in the gulf stream region, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 1103–1120, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0200.1, 2015.
Lillibridge, J. L. and Mariano, A.J.: A statistical analysis of Gulf Stream variability from 18+ years of altimetry data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 85, 127–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.07.034, 2013.
Lozier, M. S., Li, F., Bacon, S., Bahr, F., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A., de Jong, M. F., de Steur, L., de Young, B., Fischer, J., Gary, S. F., Greenan, B. J. W., Holliday, N. P., Houk, A., Houpert, L., Inall, M. E., Johns, W. E., Johnson, H. L., Johnson, C., Karstensen, J., Koman, G., Le Bras, I. A., Lin, X., Mackay, N., Marshall, D. P., Mercier, H., Oltmanns, M., Pickart, R. S., Ramsey, A. L., Rayner, D., Straneo, F., Thierry, V., Torres, D. J., Williams, R. G., Wilson, C., Yang, J., Yashayaev, I., and Zhao, J.: A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic, Science, 363, 516–521, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6592, 2019.
Martínez-Moreno, J., Hogg, A. M., England, M. H., Constantinou, N. C., Kiss, A. E., and Morrison, A. K.: Global changes in oceanic mesoscale currents over the satellite altimetry record, Nat. Clim. Change, 11, 397–403, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01006-9, 2021.
McCarthy, G. D., Haigh, I. D., Hirschi, J. J.-M., Grist, J. P., and Smeed, D. A.: Ocean impact on decadal Atlantic climate variability revealed by sea-level observations, Nature, 521, 508–510, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14491, 2015.
McCarthy, G. D., Joyce, T. M. M., and Josey, S. A.: Gulf Stream variability in the context of quasi-decadal and multidecadal Atlantic climate variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 11257–11264, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079336, 2018.
Monim, M.: Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability of Gulf Stream Warm Core Rings from 2000 to 2016, PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, 2017.
Osman, M., Zaitchik, B., Badr, H., and Hameed, S.: North Atlantic centers of action and seasonal to subseasonal temperature variability in Europe and eastern North America, Int. J. Climatol., 41, E1775–E1790, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6806, 2021.
Pujol, M.-I.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product User Manual for the Global Ocean Gridded L4 Sea Surface Heights And Derived Variables Reprocessed 1993 Ongoing, SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047, Issue 8.0, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-SL-PUM-008-032-068.pdf (last access: 26 March 2024), 2023.
Pujol, M.-I., Taburet G., and SL-TAC team: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product Quality Information Document for the Global Ocean Gridded L4 Sea Surface Heights And Derived Variables Reprocessed 1993 Ongoing, SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047, Issue 9.0, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-SL-QUID-008-032-068.pdf (last access: 26 March 2024), 2023.
Renault, L., Molemaker, M. J., McWilliams, J. C., Shchepetkin, A. F., Lemarié, F., Chelton, D., Illig, S., and Hall, A.: Modulation of wind work by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 1685–1704, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0232.1, 2016a.
Renault, L., Molemaker, M. J., Gula, J., Masson, S., and McWilliams, J. C.: Control and stabilization of the gulf stream by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3439–3453, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0115.1, 2016b.
Rossby, H., Flagg, C., Donohue, K., Sanchez-Franks, A., Lillibridge, J.: On the long-term stability of Gulf Stream transport based on 20 years of direct measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 114–120, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058636, 2014.
Sallenger Jr., A. H., Doran, K. S., and Howd, P. A.: Hotspot of accelerated sea-level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 884–888, 2012.
Sánchez-Román, A., Pujol, M. I., Faugère, Y., and Pascual, A.: DUACS DT2021 reprocessed altimetry improves sea level retrieval in the coastal band of the European seas, Ocean Sci., 19, 793–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-793-2023, 2023.
Sato, O. T. and Rossby, T.: Seasonal and low frequency variability in dynamic height anomaly and transport of the Gulf Stream, Deep-Sea Res., 42, 149–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)00034-P, 1995.
Seidov, D., Mishonov, A., Reagan, J., and Parsons, R.: Resilience of the Gulf Stream path on decadal and longer timescales, Sci. Rep., 9, 11549, doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48011-9, 2019.
Seidov, D., Mishonov, A., and Parsons, R.: Recent warming and decadal variability of Gulf of Maine and Slope Water, Limnol. Oceanogr., 66, 3472–3488, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11892, 2021.
Srokosz, M., Baringer, M., Bryden, H., Cunningham, S., Delworth, T., Lozier, S., Marotzke, J., and Sutton, R.: Past, present, and future changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 1663–1676, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00151.1, 2012.
Swingedouw, D., Houssais, M.-N., Herbaut, C., Blaizot, A.-C., Devilliers, M., and Deshayes, J.: AMOC Recent and Future Trends: A Crucial Role for Oceanic Resolution and Greenland Melting?, Front. Clim., 4, 838310, https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.838310, 2022.
Taylor, A. and Stephens, J.: Latitudinal displacements of the Gulf-Stream (1966 to 1977) and their relation to changes in temperature and zooplankton abundance in the NE Atlantic, Oceanol. Acta, 3, 145–149, https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00121/23258/ (last access: 10 January 2024), 1980.
Taylor, A., Jordan, M., and Stephens, J.: Gulf Stream shifts following ENSO events, Nature, 393, 638, https://doi.org/10.1038/31380, 1998.
Tracey, K. L. and Watts, D. R.: On the Gulf Stream meander characteristics near Cape Hatteras, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 7587–7602, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC091iC06p07587, 1986.
von Schuckmann, K., Le Traon, P. Y., Alvarez-Fanjul, E., Axell, L., Balmaseda, M., Breivik, L.-A., Brewin, R. J. W., Bricaud, C., Drevillon, M., Drillet, Y., Dubois, C., Embury, O., Etienne, H., García Sotillo, M., Garric, G., Gasparin, F., Gutknecht, E., Guinehut, S., Hernandez, F., Juza, M., Karlson, B., Korres, G., Legeais, J. F., Levier, B., Lien, V. S., Morrow, R., Notarstefano, G., Parent, L., Pascual, A., Pérez-Gómez, B., Perruche, C., Pinardi, N., Pisano, A., Poulain, P. M., Pujol, I. M., Raj, R. P., Raudsepp, U., Roquet, H., Samuelsen, A., Sathyendranath, S., She, J., Simoncelli, S., Solidoro, C., Tinker, J., Tintoré, J., Viktorsson, L., Ablain, M., Almroth-Rosell, E., Bonaduce, A., Clementi, E., Cossarini, G., Dagneaux, Q., Desportes, C., Dye, S., Fratianni, C., Good, S., Greiner, S., Gourrion, J., Hamon, M., Holt, J., Hyder, P., Kennedy, J., Manzano-Muñoz, F., Melet, A., Meyssignac, B., Mulet, S., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., O’Dea, E., Olason, E., Paulmier, A., Pérez-González, I., Reid, R., Racault, M. F., Raitsos, D. E., Ramos, A., Sykes, P., Szekely, T., and Verbrugg, N.: The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Ocean State Report, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 9, Supplement, s235–s320, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2016.1273446, 2016.
Wolfe, C. L., Hameed, S., and Chi, L.: On the drivers of decadal variability of the Gulf Stream north wall, J. Climate, 32, 1235–1249, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0212.1, 2019.
Zhang, W. G., McGillicuddy, D. J., and Gawarkiewicz, G. G.: Is biological productivity enhanced at the New England shelfbreak front?, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 517–535, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20068, 2013.
Short summary
This study investigates the changing pattern of the Gulf Stream over the last 3 decades as observed in the altimetric record (1993–2022). Changes in the Gulf Stream path have an effect on its speed (and associated energy) and also on waters transported towards the subpolar North Atlantic, impacting Europe's climate. The observed shifts in the paths seem to be linked to variability in the North Atlantic Ocean during winter that may play an important role.
This study investigates the changing pattern of the Gulf Stream over the last 3 decades as...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint