Articles | Volume 2-oae2023
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-3-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-3-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
27 Nov 2023
| OAE Guide 2023 | Chapter 3
| 27 Nov 2023 | OAE Guide 2023 | Chapter 3
Assessing the technical aspects of ocean-alkalinity-enhancement approaches
Matthew D. Eisaman
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Phil Renforth
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
Laura Bastianini
Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
James Campbell
Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
Andrew W. Dale
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Spyros Foteinis
Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
Patricia Grasse
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle–Jena–Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Olivia Hawrot
Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
Carolin R. Löscher
Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), Nordcee, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Greg H. Rau
Planetary Technologies, Inc., Dartmouth, NS, Canada
Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Jakob Rønning
Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), Nordcee, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Cited
75 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Potential impacts of marine carbon dioxide removal on ocean oxygen A. Oschlies et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ade0d4
- Coupling Acid Neutralization and Resource Recovery to Scale Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R. D’Ascanio et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c01719
- Abrupt alkalinization alters microbial diversity and promotes the proliferation of marine parasites in coastal microcosm experiments J. Gately et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag063
- Nickel extraction from olivine using waste acid from an electrochemical marine CO2 removal process A. Robinson et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00850F
- A Comparative Review of terrestrial and marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods A. Lieber et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100550
- Field experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research T. Cyronak et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-7-2023
- Alkalinity enhancement in subduction regions and the global ocean: efficiency, earth system feedbacks, and scenario sensitivity T. Nagwekar et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae293b
- Harnessing naturally occurring sodium carbonate and bicarbonate for gigatonne-scale carbon dioxide removal J. Campbell et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.117079
- Silicate Weathering and Diagenetic Reaction Balances in Deltaic Muds G. Trapp-Müller et al. https://doi.org/10.2475/001c.134118
- Seafloor alkalinity enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal strategy in the Baltic Sea A. Dale et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01569-3
- Investigating the effect of silicate- and calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement on diatom silicification A. Ferderer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024
- Mesocosm experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research U. Riebesell et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-6-2023
- A tracer study for the development of in-water monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of ship-based ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Subhas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5511-2025
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025
- Determining the net influence of biological processes on aqueous hydroxide-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: a mesocosm approach D. Fucich et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1652680
- High frequency in situ total alkalinity measurement for monitoring ocean alkalinity enhancement field trials A. Zabihihesari et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-026-00665-w
- Impact of marine carbon removal on atmospheric CO2 R. Nuterman & M. Jochum https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad26b7
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) does not cause cellular stress in a phytoplankton community of the subtropical Atlantic Ocean L. Ramírez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1865-2025
- Data reporting and sharing for ocean alkalinity enhancement research L. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023
- Local capacity assessment is integral to stakeholder engagement for responsible marine carbon dioxide removal Y. Malakar et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adf7bf
- Negative Emission Enabled by Combining Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement and Waste Concrete Upcycling S. Jin et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c07507
- Potential Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies for Metal Release during Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Olivine W. Zhuang et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c10705
- Seawater carbonate chemistry based carbon dioxide removal: towards commonly agreed principles for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification P. Halloran et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1487138
- Pathways for marine carbon dioxide removal using electrochemical acid-base generation M. Eisaman https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2024.1349604
- Novel field trial for ocean alkalinity enhancement using electrochemically derived aqueous alkalinity A. Savoie et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2025.1641277
- Mineral formation during shipboard ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments in the North Atlantic M. Hashim et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7149-2025
- A systematic analysis of operating parameters for CO2 capture from seawater by Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BPMED) M. Aliaskari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.126679
- Guidance on integrating marine environmental impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement into life cycle assessment M. Delval et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-026-02707-z
- The CDR potential of olivine-based enhanced rock weathering in marine systems: a case study for the coastal zone of France L. Geerts et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/addf60
- Assessing the efficacy of river-based ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon sequestration under high emission pathways X. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7293-2025
- Aqueous Carbon Capture Using Guanidinium-Functionalized Hollow Fiber Sorbent Contactors M. Danielson et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.5c01639
- Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Faucher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025
- Marine carbon dioxide removal by alkalinization should no longer be overlooked K. Kowalczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5192
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023
- A novel methodology to characterize the potential impacts of electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1717924
- Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system L. Marín-Samper et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024
- Seawater carbonate chemistry considerations for ocean alkalinity enhancement research: theory, measurements, and calculations K. Schulz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023
- Research trends in ocean alkalinity enhancement as an ocean-based negative emission technology A. Suzuki et al. https://doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.35.4_85
- “Gray Carbon” in Sewage Treatment Plants: A Neglected Carbon Sink Y. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.34133/olar.0060
- A high-resolution nested model to study the effects of alkalinity additions in Halifax Harbour, a mid-latitude coastal fjord A. Laurent et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-115-2026
- Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024
- Improving the efficiency of a lab-on-a-chip total alkalinity analyzer via Dean flow–driven mixing A. Zabihihesari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2026.117069
- Efficiency metrics for ocean alkalinity enhancements under responsive and prescribed atmospheric pCO2 conditions M. Tyka https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-341-2025
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00433
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement reduces silica ballasting during export due to amplified dissolution P. Suessle et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4691-2026
- Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine L. Geerts et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025
- The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024
- Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis: Technical Analysis and Cost Breakdown of a Full-Scale Plant F. Ferella et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.4c04364
- Assessing the impacts of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement on viability and growth of nearshore species of phytoplankton J. Oberlander et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-499-2025
- Direct effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement in the Baltic Sea–results from in-silico experiments A. Anschütz et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1450468
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Surface area and Ω-aragonite oversaturation as controls of the runaway precipitation process in ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Suitner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3965-2026
- Review on CO2 removal from ocean with an emphasis on direct ocean capture (DOC) technologies S. Karunarathne et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128598
- The efficiency and ocean acidification mitigation potential of ocean alkalinity enhancement on multi-centennial timescales H. Grosselindemann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3299-2026
- The alkalinity generation potential of olivine and oyster shell for laboratory experiments: testing the effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Miller & F. Pernet https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/adf0cd
- Efficacy of individual and combined terrestrial and marine carbon dioxide removal A. Sathyanadh et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2af5
- Process modelling and analysis of ikaite production for atmospheric CO2 removal through ocean alkalinity enhancement X. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2025.12.028
- Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) L. Bach et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024
- Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Oschlies et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023
- Settling and dispersion of Lagrangian particles in the presence of stratified Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and turbulence A. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1103/zr5s-dx3f
- Monitoring marine carbon dioxide removal: quantitative analysis of indicators for carbon removed and environmental side-effects T. Morganti et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae1c54
- Effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement on plankton in the Equatorial Pacific J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02248-7
- Natural analogs to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Subhas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-8-2023
- Strategic research priorities for marine climate interventions in Australia K. Brent et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2026.2665493
- Electrochemically induced alkalinity enhancement increases coral growth rates in the local microenvironment P. Kiel et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-025-02791-x
- Alkaline mineral dissolution can impair embryonic development in the Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas), raising caution for ocean alkalinity enhancement F. Pernet et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag011
- General considerations for experimental research on ocean alkalinity enhancement S. Dupont & M. Metian https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-4-2023
- Hybrid-Energy-Powered Electrochemical Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Model: Plant Operation, Cost, and Profitability J. Niffenegger et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8010012
- Assessing the Limit of CO2 Storage in Seawater as Bicarbonate-Enriched Solutions S. Varliero et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174069
- Metal bioaccumulation from diatoms to Antarctic krill under ocean alkalinity enhancement with steel slag J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag066
- Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor's Sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity K. Jones et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025
- Nitrate modulates high CO2 effects on carbon partitioning in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis: Trade-offs between particulate and dissolved organic carbon sequestration J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122897
- Using magnesium hydroxide for ocean alkalinity enhancement: elucidating the role of formation conditions on material properties and dissolution kinetics C. Shaw et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1616362
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024
- Enhanced cation release via acid pretreatment for gigaton-scale geologic CO2 sequestration in basalt Q. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2024.104266
75 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Potential impacts of marine carbon dioxide removal on ocean oxygen A. Oschlies et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ade0d4
- Coupling Acid Neutralization and Resource Recovery to Scale Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R. D’Ascanio et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c01719
- Abrupt alkalinization alters microbial diversity and promotes the proliferation of marine parasites in coastal microcosm experiments J. Gately et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag063
- Nickel extraction from olivine using waste acid from an electrochemical marine CO2 removal process A. Robinson et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00850F
- A Comparative Review of terrestrial and marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods A. Lieber et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100550
- Field experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research T. Cyronak et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-7-2023
- Alkalinity enhancement in subduction regions and the global ocean: efficiency, earth system feedbacks, and scenario sensitivity T. Nagwekar et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae293b
- Harnessing naturally occurring sodium carbonate and bicarbonate for gigatonne-scale carbon dioxide removal J. Campbell et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.117079
- Silicate Weathering and Diagenetic Reaction Balances in Deltaic Muds G. Trapp-Müller et al. https://doi.org/10.2475/001c.134118
- Seafloor alkalinity enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal strategy in the Baltic Sea A. Dale et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01569-3
- Investigating the effect of silicate- and calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement on diatom silicification A. Ferderer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024
- Mesocosm experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research U. Riebesell et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-6-2023
- A tracer study for the development of in-water monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of ship-based ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Subhas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5511-2025
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025
- Determining the net influence of biological processes on aqueous hydroxide-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: a mesocosm approach D. Fucich et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1652680
- High frequency in situ total alkalinity measurement for monitoring ocean alkalinity enhancement field trials A. Zabihihesari et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-026-00665-w
- Impact of marine carbon removal on atmospheric CO2 R. Nuterman & M. Jochum https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad26b7
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) does not cause cellular stress in a phytoplankton community of the subtropical Atlantic Ocean L. Ramírez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1865-2025
- Data reporting and sharing for ocean alkalinity enhancement research L. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023
- Local capacity assessment is integral to stakeholder engagement for responsible marine carbon dioxide removal Y. Malakar et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adf7bf
- Negative Emission Enabled by Combining Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement and Waste Concrete Upcycling S. Jin et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c07507
- Potential Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies for Metal Release during Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Olivine W. Zhuang et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c10705
- Seawater carbonate chemistry based carbon dioxide removal: towards commonly agreed principles for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification P. Halloran et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1487138
- Pathways for marine carbon dioxide removal using electrochemical acid-base generation M. Eisaman https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2024.1349604
- Novel field trial for ocean alkalinity enhancement using electrochemically derived aqueous alkalinity A. Savoie et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2025.1641277
- Mineral formation during shipboard ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments in the North Atlantic M. Hashim et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7149-2025
- A systematic analysis of operating parameters for CO2 capture from seawater by Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BPMED) M. Aliaskari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.126679
- Guidance on integrating marine environmental impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement into life cycle assessment M. Delval et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-026-02707-z
- The CDR potential of olivine-based enhanced rock weathering in marine systems: a case study for the coastal zone of France L. Geerts et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/addf60
- Assessing the efficacy of river-based ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon sequestration under high emission pathways X. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7293-2025
- Aqueous Carbon Capture Using Guanidinium-Functionalized Hollow Fiber Sorbent Contactors M. Danielson et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.5c01639
- Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Faucher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025
- Marine carbon dioxide removal by alkalinization should no longer be overlooked K. Kowalczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5192
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023
- A novel methodology to characterize the potential impacts of electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1717924
- Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system L. Marín-Samper et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024
- Seawater carbonate chemistry considerations for ocean alkalinity enhancement research: theory, measurements, and calculations K. Schulz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023
- Research trends in ocean alkalinity enhancement as an ocean-based negative emission technology A. Suzuki et al. https://doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.35.4_85
- “Gray Carbon” in Sewage Treatment Plants: A Neglected Carbon Sink Y. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.34133/olar.0060
- A high-resolution nested model to study the effects of alkalinity additions in Halifax Harbour, a mid-latitude coastal fjord A. Laurent et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-115-2026
- Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024
- Improving the efficiency of a lab-on-a-chip total alkalinity analyzer via Dean flow–driven mixing A. Zabihihesari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2026.117069
- Efficiency metrics for ocean alkalinity enhancements under responsive and prescribed atmospheric pCO2 conditions M. Tyka https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-341-2025
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00433
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement reduces silica ballasting during export due to amplified dissolution P. Suessle et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4691-2026
- Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine L. Geerts et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025
- The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024
- Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis: Technical Analysis and Cost Breakdown of a Full-Scale Plant F. Ferella et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.4c04364
- Assessing the impacts of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement on viability and growth of nearshore species of phytoplankton J. Oberlander et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-499-2025
- Direct effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement in the Baltic Sea–results from in-silico experiments A. Anschütz et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1450468
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Surface area and Ω-aragonite oversaturation as controls of the runaway precipitation process in ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Suitner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3965-2026
- Review on CO2 removal from ocean with an emphasis on direct ocean capture (DOC) technologies S. Karunarathne et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128598
- The efficiency and ocean acidification mitigation potential of ocean alkalinity enhancement on multi-centennial timescales H. Grosselindemann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3299-2026
- The alkalinity generation potential of olivine and oyster shell for laboratory experiments: testing the effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Miller & F. Pernet https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/adf0cd
- Efficacy of individual and combined terrestrial and marine carbon dioxide removal A. Sathyanadh et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2af5
- Process modelling and analysis of ikaite production for atmospheric CO2 removal through ocean alkalinity enhancement X. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2025.12.028
- Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) L. Bach et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024
- Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Oschlies et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023
- Settling and dispersion of Lagrangian particles in the presence of stratified Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and turbulence A. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1103/zr5s-dx3f
- Monitoring marine carbon dioxide removal: quantitative analysis of indicators for carbon removed and environmental side-effects T. Morganti et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae1c54
- Effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement on plankton in the Equatorial Pacific J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02248-7
- Natural analogs to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Subhas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-8-2023
- Strategic research priorities for marine climate interventions in Australia K. Brent et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2026.2665493
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Latest update: 26 Jul 2026
Short summary
Ocean-alkalinity-enhancement technologies refer to various methods and approaches aimed at increasing the alkalinity of seawater. This chapter explores technologies for increasing ocean alkalinity, including electrochemical-based approaches, ocean liming, accelerated weathering of limestone, hydrated carbonate addition, and coastal enhanced weathering, and suggests best practices in research and development.
Ocean-alkalinity-enhancement technologies refer to various methods and approaches aimed at...
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