Articles | Volume 1-osr7
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-6-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-6-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
27 Sep 2023
| OSR7 | Chapter 2.4
| 27 Sep 2023 | OSR7 | Chapter 2.4
The dynamical role of upper layer salinity in the Mediterranean Sea
Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation Division, Fondazione Centro
Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna, Italy
Pietro Miraglio
Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation Division, Fondazione Centro
Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna, Italy
Romain Escudier
Observations pour Les Systèmes D'analyse et de Prévision,
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, France
Emanuela Clementi
Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation Division, Fondazione Centro
Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna, Italy
Simona Masina
Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation Division, Fondazione Centro
Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna, Italy
Related authors
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Anna Teruzzi, Ali Aydogdu, Carolina Amadio, Emanuela Clementi, Simone Colella, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Claudia Fanelli, Laura Feudale, Alessandro Grandi, Pietro Miraglio, Andrea Pisano, Jenny Pistoia, Marco Reale, Stefano Salon, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2023-30, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2023-30, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
A noticeable cold spell occurred in eastern Europe at the beginning of 2022 and was the main driver of intense deep water formation and associated transport of nutrient to the surface. Southeast of Crete the availability of both light and nutrient in the surface layer stimulated an anomalous phytoplankton bloom. In the area, chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for bloom intensity) and primary production were considerably higher than usual suggesting possible impacts on fish catches.
Andrea Cipollone, Deep Sankar Banerjee, Doroteaciro Iovino, Ali Aydogdu, and Simona Masina
Ocean Sci., 19, 1375–1392, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1375-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1375-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-ice volume is characterized by low predictability compared to the sea ice area or the extent. A joint initialization of the thickness and concentration using satellite data could improve the predictive power, although it is still absent in the present global analysis–reanalysis systems. This study shows a scheme to correct the two features together that can be easily extended to include ocean variables. The impact of such a joint initialization is shown and compared among different set-ups.
Sukun Cheng, Yumeng Chen, Ali Aydoğdu, Laurent Bertino, Alberto Carrassi, Pierre Rampal, and Christopher K. R. T. Jones
The Cryosphere, 17, 1735–1754, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1735-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1735-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work studies a novel application of combining a Lagrangian sea ice model, neXtSIM, and data assimilation. It uses a deterministic ensemble Kalman filter to incorporate satellite-observed ice concentration and thickness in simulations. The neXtSIM Lagrangian nature is handled using a remapping strategy on a common homogeneous mesh. The ensemble is formed by perturbing air–ocean boundary conditions and ice cohesion. Thanks to data assimilation, winter Arctic sea ice forecasting is enhanced.
Ali Aydoğdu, Alberto Carrassi, Colin T. Guider, Chris K. R. T Jones, and Pierre Rampal
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 26, 175–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-175-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-175-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Computational models involving adaptive meshes can both evolve dynamically and be remeshed. Remeshing means that the state vector dimension changes in time and across ensemble members, making the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) unsuitable for assimilation of observational data. We develop a modification in which analysis is performed on a fixed uniform grid onto which the ensemble is mapped, with resolution relating to the remeshing criteria. The approach is successfully tested on two 1-D models.
Ali Aydoğdu, Nadia Pinardi, Emin Özsoy, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Özgür Gürses, and Alicia Karspeck
Ocean Sci., 14, 999–1019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-999-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-999-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A 6-year simulation of the Turkish Straits System is presented. The simulation is performed by a model using unstructured triangular mesh and realistic atmospheric forcing. The dynamics and circulation of the Marmara Sea are analysed and the mean state of the system is discussed on annual averages. Volume fluxes computed throughout the simulation are presented and the response of the model to severe storms is shown. Finally, it was possible to assess the kinetic energy budget in the Marmara Sea.
Ali Aydoğdu, Timothy J. Hoar, Tomislava Vukicevic, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Nadia Pinardi, Alicia Karspeck, Jonathan Hendricks, Nancy Collins, Francesca Macchia, and Emin Özsoy
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 25, 537–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-25-537-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-25-537-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents, to our knowledge, the first data assimilation experiments in the Sea of Marmara. We propose a FerryBox network for monitoring the state of the sea and show that assimilation of the temperature and salinity improves the forecasts in the basin. The flow of the Bosphorus helps to propagate the error reduction. The study can be taken as a step towards a marine forecasting system in the Sea of Marmara that will help to improve the forecasts in the adjacent Black and Aegean seas.
Elena Bianco, Doroteaciro Iovino, Simona Masina, Stefano Materia, and Paolo Ruggieri
The Cryosphere, 18, 2357–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in ocean heat transport and surface heat fluxes in recent decades have altered the Arctic Ocean heat budget and caused warming of the upper ocean. Using two eddy-permitting ocean reanalyses, we show that this has important implications for sea ice variability. In the Arctic regional seas, upper-ocean heat content acts as an important precursor for sea ice anomalies on sub-seasonal timescales, and this link has strengthened since the 2000s.
Siren Rühs, Ton van den Bremer, Emanuela Clementi, Michael C. Denes, Aimie Moulin, and Erik van Sebille
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1002, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Simulating the transport of floating particles on the ocean surface is crucial for solving many societal issues. Here, we investigate how the representation of wind-generated surface waves impacts particle transport simulations. We find that different wave-driven processes can alter the transport patterns, and that commonly adopted approximations are not always adequate. This implies that ideally coupled ocean-wave models should be used for surface particle transport simulations.
Giulia Bonino, Giuliano Galimberti, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, and Emanuela Clementi
Ocean Sci., 20, 417–432, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-417-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-417-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study employs machine learning to predict marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the Mediterranean Sea. MHWs have far-reaching impacts on society and ecosystems. Using data from ESA and ECMWF, the research develops accurate prediction models for sea surface temperature (SST) and MHWs across the region. Notably, machine learning methods outperform existing forecasting systems, showing promise in early MHW predictions. The study also highlights the importance of solar radiation as a predictor of SST.
Doroteaciro Iovino, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6127–6159, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the model performance of three global ocean–sea ice configurations, from non-eddying (1°) to eddy-rich (1/16°) resolutions. Model simulations are obtained following the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP2) protocol. We compare key global climate variables across the three models and against observations, emphasizing the relative advantages and disadvantages of running forced ocean–sea ice models at higher resolution.
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Bethany McDonagh, Emanuela Clementi, Anna Chiara Goglio, and Nadia Pinardi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2251, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2251, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tides in the Mediterranean Sea are typically of low amplitude, but twin experiments using numerical models with and without tides demonstrates that tides affect the circulation on temporal and spatial scales away from those of the tides directly. Tides enhance existing oscillations, and increase the upper layer salinity. Tides are also found to increase the mixed layer depth and enhance dense water formation in key regions. Internal tides are found to be widespread in the Mediterranean Sea.
Anna Teruzzi, Ali Aydogdu, Carolina Amadio, Emanuela Clementi, Simone Colella, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Claudia Fanelli, Laura Feudale, Alessandro Grandi, Pietro Miraglio, Andrea Pisano, Jenny Pistoia, Marco Reale, Stefano Salon, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2023-30, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2023-30, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
A noticeable cold spell occurred in eastern Europe at the beginning of 2022 and was the main driver of intense deep water formation and associated transport of nutrient to the surface. Southeast of Crete the availability of both light and nutrient in the surface layer stimulated an anomalous phytoplankton bloom. In the area, chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for bloom intensity) and primary production were considerably higher than usual suggesting possible impacts on fish catches.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Andrea Cipollone, Deep Sankar Banerjee, Doroteaciro Iovino, Ali Aydogdu, and Simona Masina
Ocean Sci., 19, 1375–1392, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1375-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1375-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-ice volume is characterized by low predictability compared to the sea ice area or the extent. A joint initialization of the thickness and concentration using satellite data could improve the predictive power, although it is still absent in the present global analysis–reanalysis systems. This study shows a scheme to correct the two features together that can be easily extended to include ocean variables. The impact of such a joint initialization is shown and compared among different set-ups.
Ronan McAdam, Giulia Bonino, Emanuela Clementi, and Simona Masina
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2023-22, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2023-22, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for SP
Short summary
Short summary
In the summer of 2022, a regional short-term forecasting system was able to predict the onset, spread, peaks and decay of a record-breaking marine heatwave in the Mediterranean Sea, up to 10 days in advance. Satellite data shows that the event was record-breaking in terms of basin-wide intensity and duration. This study demonstrates the potential of state-of-the-art forecasting systems to provide early-warning of marine heatwaves to marine activities (e.g. conservation and aquaculture).
Dimitra Denaxa, Gerasimos Korres, Giulia Bonino, Simona Masina, and Maria Hatzaki
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2023-24, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2023-24, 2023
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates air-sea heat fluxes during marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the Mediterranean Sea. Surface fluxes drive 44 % of the onset and only 17 % of the decline phases of MHWs, suggesting a key role of oceanic processes. Heat fluxes are more important in warmer months and onset phases, with the latent heat dominating. Shorter events show weaker heat flux contribution. In most cases, mixed layer shoaling occurs over the entire MHW duration, followed by vertical mixing after the MHW end day.
Sukun Cheng, Yumeng Chen, Ali Aydoğdu, Laurent Bertino, Alberto Carrassi, Pierre Rampal, and Christopher K. R. T. Jones
The Cryosphere, 17, 1735–1754, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1735-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1735-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work studies a novel application of combining a Lagrangian sea ice model, neXtSIM, and data assimilation. It uses a deterministic ensemble Kalman filter to incorporate satellite-observed ice concentration and thickness in simulations. The neXtSIM Lagrangian nature is handled using a remapping strategy on a common homogeneous mesh. The ensemble is formed by perturbing air–ocean boundary conditions and ice cohesion. Thanks to data assimilation, winter Arctic sea ice forecasting is enhanced.
Giulia Bonino, Simona Masina, Giuliano Galimberti, and Matteo Moretti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1269–1285, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1269-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1269-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a unique observational dataset of marine heat wave (MHW) macroevents and their characteristics over southern Europe and western Asian (SEWA) basins in the SEWA-MHW dataset. This dataset is the first effort in the literature to archive extremely hot sea surface temperature macroevents. The advantages of the availability of SEWA-MHWs are avoiding the waste of computational resources to detect MHWs and building a consistent framework which would increase comparability among MHW studies.
Giulia Bonino, Doroteaciro Iovino, Laurent Brodeau, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6873–6889, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6873-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The sea surface temperature (SST) is highly influenced by the transfer of energy driven by turbulent air–sea fluxes (TASFs). In the NEMO ocean general circulation model, TASFs are computed by means of bulk formulas. Bulk formulas require the choice of a given bulk parameterization, which influences the magnitudes of the TASFs. Our results show that parameterization-related SST differences are primarily sensitive to the wind stress differences across parameterizations.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Giulia Bonino, Elisa Lovecchio, Nicolas Gruber, Matthias Münnich, Simona Masina, and Doroteaciro Iovino
Biogeosciences, 18, 2429–2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal variations of processes such as upwelling and biological production that happen along the northwestern African coast can modulate the temporal variability of the biological activity of the adjacent open North Atlantic hundreds of kilometers away from the coast thanks to the lateral transport of coastal organic carbon. This happens with a temporal delay, which is smaller than a season up to roughly 500 km from the coast due to the intense transport by small-scale filaments.
Hiroyuki Tsujino, L. Shogo Urakawa, Stephen M. Griffies, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Alistair J. Adcroft, Arthur E. Amaral, Thomas Arsouze, Mats Bentsen, Raffaele Bernardello, Claus W. Böning, Alexandra Bozec, Eric P. Chassignet, Sergey Danilov, Raphael Dussin, Eleftheria Exarchou, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Chuncheng Guo, Mehmet Ilicak, Doroteaciro Iovino, Who M. Kim, Nikolay Koldunov, Vladimir Lapin, Yiwen Li, Pengfei Lin, Keith Lindsay, Hailong Liu, Matthew C. Long, Yoshiki Komuro, Simon J. Marsland, Simona Masina, Aleksi Nummelin, Jan Klaus Rieck, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Markus Scheinert, Valentina Sicardi, Dmitry Sidorenko, Tatsuo Suzuki, Hiroaki Tatebe, Qiang Wang, Stephen G. Yeager, and Zipeng Yu
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3643–3708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3643-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3643-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The OMIP-2 framework for global ocean–sea-ice model simulations is assessed by comparing multi-model means from 11 CMIP6-class global ocean–sea-ice models calculated separately for the OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations. Many features are very similar between OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations, and yet key improvements in transitioning from OMIP-1 to OMIP-2 are also identified. Thus, the present assessment justifies that future ocean–sea-ice model development and analysis studies use the OMIP-2 framework.
Ali Aydoğdu, Alberto Carrassi, Colin T. Guider, Chris K. R. T Jones, and Pierre Rampal
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 26, 175–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-175-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-175-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Computational models involving adaptive meshes can both evolve dynamically and be remeshed. Remeshing means that the state vector dimension changes in time and across ensemble members, making the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) unsuitable for assimilation of observational data. We develop a modification in which analysis is performed on a fixed uniform grid onto which the ensemble is mapped, with resolution relating to the remeshing criteria. The approach is successfully tested on two 1-D models.
Ali Aydoğdu, Nadia Pinardi, Emin Özsoy, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Özgür Gürses, and Alicia Karspeck
Ocean Sci., 14, 999–1019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-999-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-999-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A 6-year simulation of the Turkish Straits System is presented. The simulation is performed by a model using unstructured triangular mesh and realistic atmospheric forcing. The dynamics and circulation of the Marmara Sea are analysed and the mean state of the system is discussed on annual averages. Volume fluxes computed throughout the simulation are presented and the response of the model to severe storms is shown. Finally, it was possible to assess the kinetic energy budget in the Marmara Sea.
Ali Aydoğdu, Timothy J. Hoar, Tomislava Vukicevic, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Nadia Pinardi, Alicia Karspeck, Jonathan Hendricks, Nancy Collins, Francesca Macchia, and Emin Özsoy
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 25, 537–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-25-537-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-25-537-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents, to our knowledge, the first data assimilation experiments in the Sea of Marmara. We propose a FerryBox network for monitoring the state of the sea and show that assimilation of the temperature and salinity improves the forecasts in the basin. The flow of the Bosphorus helps to propagate the error reduction. The study can be taken as a step towards a marine forecasting system in the Sea of Marmara that will help to improve the forecasts in the adjacent Black and Aegean seas.
Verena Haid, Doroteaciro Iovino, and Simona Masina
The Cryosphere, 11, 1387–1402, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1387-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1387-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Since the Antarctic sea ice extent shows a recent increase, we investigate the sea ice response to changed amount and distribution of surface freshwater addition in the Southern Ocean with the ocean–sea ice model NEMO/LIM2. We find that freshwater addition within the range of current estimates increases the ice extent, but higher amounts could have an opposing effect. The freshwater distribution is of great influence on the ice dynamics and the ice thickness is strongly influenced by it.
Vasco M. N. C. S. Vieira, Pavel Jurus, Emanuela Clementi, Heidi Pettersson, and Marcos Mateus
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2016-273, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2016-273, 2016
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Stephen M. Griffies, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Paul J. Durack, Alistair J. Adcroft, V. Balaji, Claus W. Böning, Eric P. Chassignet, Enrique Curchitser, Julie Deshayes, Helge Drange, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Peter J. Gleckler, Jonathan M. Gregory, Helmuth Haak, Robert W. Hallberg, Patrick Heimbach, Helene T. Hewitt, David M. Holland, Tatiana Ilyina, Johann H. Jungclaus, Yoshiki Komuro, John P. Krasting, William G. Large, Simon J. Marsland, Simona Masina, Trevor J. McDougall, A. J. George Nurser, James C. Orr, Anna Pirani, Fangli Qiao, Ronald J. Stouffer, Karl E. Taylor, Anne Marie Treguier, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Petteri Uotila, Maria Valdivieso, Qiang Wang, Michael Winton, and Stephen G. Yeager
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3231–3296, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) aims to provide a framework for evaluating, understanding, and improving the ocean and sea-ice components of global climate and earth system models contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). This document defines OMIP and details a protocol both for simulating global ocean/sea-ice models and for analysing their output.
Italo Epicoco, Silvia Mocavero, Francesca Macchia, Marcello Vichi, Tomas Lovato, Simona Masina, and Giovanni Aloisio
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2115–2128, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2115-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2115-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The present work aims at evaluating the scalability performance of a high-resolution global ocean biogeochemistry model (PELAGOS025) on massive parallel architectures and the benefits in terms of the time-to-solution reduction. The outcome of the analysis demonstrated that the lack of scalability is due to several factors such as the I/O operations, the memory contention, and the load unbalancing due to the memory structure of the biogeochemistry model component.
V. M. N. C. S. Vieira, E. Sahlée, P. Jurus, E. Clementi, H. Pettersson, and M. Mateus
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-15901-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-15901-2015, 2015
Manuscript not accepted for further review
V. M. N. C. S. Vieira, E. Sahlée, P. Jurus, E. Clementi, H. Pettersson, and M. Mateus
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-15925-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-15925-2015, 2015
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Cited articles
Aagaard, K. and Carmack, E. C.: The role of sea ice and other fresh water
in the Arctic circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 94, 14485–14498, 1989.
Aydoğdu, A., Pinardi, N., Özsoy, E., Danabasoglu, G., Gürses, Ö., and Karspeck, A.: Circulation of the Turkish Straits System under interannual atmospheric forcing, Ocean Sci., 14, 999–1019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-999-2018, 2018.
Barnoud, A., Pfeffer, J., Guérou, A., Frery, M.-L., Siméon, M.,
Cazenave, A., Chen, J., Llovel, W., Thierry, V., Legeais, J. F., and Ablain, M.: Contributions of altimetry and Argo to non-closure of
the global mean sea level budget since 2016, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
48, e2021GL092824, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092824, 2021.
Blockley, E. W., Martin, M. J., McLaren, A. J., Ryan, A. G., Waters, J., Lea, D. J., Mirouze, I., Peterson, K. A., Sellar, A., and Storkey, D.: Recent development of the Met Office operational ocean forecasting system: an overview and assessment of the new Global FOAM forecasts, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2613–2638, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2613-2014, 2014.
Boyer, T., Levitus, S., Antonov, J., Locarnini, R., Mishonov, A., Garcia,
H., and Josey, S. A.: Changes in freshwater content in the North Atlantic
Ocean 1955–2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030126, 2007.
Bretherton, F. P., Davis, R. E., and Fandry, C. B.: A technique for objective
analysis and design of oceanographic experiments applied to MODE-73, Deep-Sea Res., 23, 559–582, 1976.
Cessi, P., Pinardi, N., and Lyubartsev, V.: Energetics of semienclosed
basins with two-layer flows at the strait, J. Phys. Ooceanogr., 44, 967–979, 2014.
Cheng, L., Trenberth, K. E., Gruber, N., Abraham, J. P., Fasullo, J. T., Li,
G., Mann, M. E., Zhao, X., and Zhu, J.: Improved Estimates of Changes in
Upper Ocean Salinity and the Hydrological Cycle, J. Climate, 33, 10357–10381, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0366.1, 2020.
Cos, J., Doblas-Reyes, F., Jury, M., Marcos, R., Bretonnière, P.-A., and Samsó, M.: The Mediterranean climate change hotspot in the CMIP5 and CMIP6 projections, Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 321–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-321-2022, 2022.
Dayan, H., McAdam, R., Masina, S., and Speich, S.: Diversity of marine
heatwave trends across the Mediterranean Sea over the last decades, in:
Copernicus marine service ocean state report, issue 6, J.
Oper. Oceanogr., 15, 49–56, 2022.
Desportes, C., Garric,
G., Régnier, C., Drévillon, M., Parent, L., Drillet, Y., Masina, S.,
Storto, A., Mirouze, I., Cipollone, A., Zuo, H., Balmaseda, M., Peterson,
D., Wood, R., Jackson, L., Mulet, S., Grenier, E., and Gounou, A.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Quality Information Document for the Global Ocean Ensemble Physics Reanalysis, GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_PHY_001_031, Issue 1.1, Mercator Ocean International,
https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-GLO-QUID-001-031.pdf
(last access: 3 May 2023), 2022.
Escudier, R., Clementi, E., Cipollone, A., Pistoia, J., Drudi, M., Grandi,
A., Lyubartsev, V., Lecci, R., Aydogdu, A., Delrosso, D., Omar, M., Masina,
S., Coppini, G., and Pinardi, N.: A High Resolution Reanalysis for the
Mediterranean Sea, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 702285, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.702285, 2021.
Escudier, R., Clementi, E., Nigam, T., Aydogdu, A., Fini, E., Pistoia, J.,
Grandi, A., and Miraglio, P.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Quality Information
Document for the Mediterranean Sea Physics Reanalysis, MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_006_004, Issue
2.3, Mercator Ocean International,
https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-MED-QUID-006-004.pdf
(last access: 3 May 2023), 2022.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Multi Observation Global Ocean 3D
Temperature Salinity Height Geostrophic Current and MLD, Mercator Ocean
International [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00052, 2021.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Mediterranean Sea Physics Reanalysis,
Mercator Ocean International [data set], https://doi.org/10.25423/CMCC/MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_006_004_E3R1, 2022a.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Mediterranean Sea Physics Reanalysis
INTERIM, Mercator Ocean International [data set],
https://doi.org/10.25423/CMCC/MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_006_004_E3R1I, 2022b.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Global Ocean Ensemble Physics
Reanalysis, Mercator Ocean International [data set],
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00024, 2022c.
EU Copernicus Marine Service Product: Global Ocean-Delayed Mode gridded
CORA – In-situ Observations objective analysis in Delayed Mode,
INSITU_GLO_PHY_TS_OA_MY_013_052, Mercator Ocean International [data set],
https://doi.org/10.17882/46219, 2022d.
Fedele, G., Mauri, E., Notarstefano, G., and Poulain, P. M.: Characterization of the Atlantic Water and Levantine Intermediate Water in the Mediterranean Sea using 20 years of Argo data, Ocean Sci., 18, 129–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-129-2022, 2022.
Gounou, A., Drevillon, M., and Clavier, M.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product
User Manual for the Global Ocean Ensemble Physics Reanalysis,
GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_PHY_001_031, Issue 1.1, Mercator Ocean International,
https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-GLO-PUM-001-031.pdf
(last access: 3 May 2023), 2022.
Grenier, E., Verbrugge, N., Mulet, S., and Guinehut, S.: EU Copernicus Marine
Service Quality Information Document for the Multi Observation Global Ocean
3D Temperature Salinity Height Geostrophic Current and MLD,
MULTIOBS_GLO_PHY_TSUV_3D_MYNRT_015_012, Issue 1.1, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-MOB-QUID-015-012.pdf
(last access: 3 May 2023), 2021.
Guinehut, S.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product User Manual for the Multi
Observation Global Ocean 3D Temperature Salinity Height Geostrophic Current
and MLD, MULTIOBS_GLO_PHY_TSUV_3D_MYNRT_015_012, Issue 1.1, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-MOB-PUM-015-012.pdf
(last access: 3 May 2023), 2021.
Guinehut, S., Dhomps, A.-L., Larnicol, G., and Le Traon, P.-Y.: High resolution 3-D temperature and salinity fields derived from in situ and satellite observations, Ocean Sci., 8, 845–857, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-845-2012, 2012.
Holliday, N. P., Bersch, M., Berx, B., Chafik, L., Cunningham, S.,
Florindo-López, C., Hátún, H., Johns, W., Josey, S. A., Larsen,
K. M., and Mulet, S.: Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for
120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic, Nat. Commun., 11, 585, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y, 2020.
Jarosz, E., Teague, W. J., Book, J. W., and Beşiktepe, Ş. T.:
Observed volume fluxes and mixing in the Dardanelles Strait, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 5007–5021, 2013.
Johnson, G. C., Hosoda, S., Jayne, S. R., Oke, P. R., Riser, S. C., Roemmich, D.,
Suga, T., Thierry, V., Wijffels, S. E., and Xu, J.: Argo-two decades: global
oceanography, revolutionized, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 14, 379–403, 2022.
Jordà, G., Von Schuckmann, K., Josey, S. A., Caniaux, G.,
García-Lafuente, J., Sammartino, S., Özsoy E., Polcher J.,
Notarstefano, G., Poulain, P. M., Adloff, F., Salat, J., Naranjo, C., Schroeder, K.,
Chiggiato, J., Sannino, G., and Macías, D.: The Mediterranean Sea heat
and mass budgets: Estimates, uncertainties and perspectives, Prog.
Oceanogr., 156, 174–208,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.07.001, 2017.
Juza, M., Fernández-Mora, À., and Tintoré, J.: Sub-Regional Marine
Heat Waves in the Mediterranean Sea From Observations: Long-Term Surface
Changes, Sub-Surface and Coastal Responses, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 785771, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.785771, 2022.
Lecci, R., Drudi, M., Grandi, A., Cretì, S., and Clementi, E.: EU
Copernicus Marine Service Product User Manual for the Mediterranean Sea
Physics Reanalysis, MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_006_004, Issue 2.3, Mercator Ocean
International,
https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-MED-PUM-006-004.pdf
(last access: 3 May 2023), 2022.
Lellouche, J.-M., Le Galloudec, O., Drévillon, M., Régnier, C., Greiner, E., Garric, G., Ferry, N., Desportes, C., Testut, C.-E., Bricaud, C., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Tranchant, B., Benkiran, M., Drillet, Y., Daudin, A., and De Nicola, C.: Evaluation of global monitoring and forecasting systems at Mercator Océan, Ocean Sci., 9, 57–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-57-2013, 2013.
MacLachlan, C., Arribas, A., Peterson, K. A., Maidens, A., Fereday, D., Scaife, A. A.,
Gordon, M., Vellinga, M., Williams, A., Comer, R. E., Camp, J., Xavier, P., and Madec, G.: Global seasonal forecast system version 5 (GloSea5): A high-resolution
seasonal forecast system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 141, 1072–1084, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2396, 2014.
Masina, S. and Storto, A.: Reconstructing the recent past ocean
variability: status and perspective, J. Mar. Res., 75,
727–764, 2017.
Pisano, A., Marullo, S., Artale, V., Falcini, F., Yang, C., Leonelli, F. E.,
Santoleri, R., and Buongiorno Nardelli, B.: New Evidence of Mediterranean
Climate Change and Variability from Sea Surface Temperature Observations,
Remote Sens., 12, 132, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010132,
2020.
Sannino, G., Sözer, A., and Özsoy, E.: A high-resolution modelling
study of the Turkish Straits System, Ocean Dynam., 67, 397–432, 2017.
Schauer, U. and Losch, M.: “Freshwater” in the ocean is not a useful
parameter in climate research, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 2309–2321, 2019.
Schroeder, K., Chiggiato, J., Bryden, H. L., Borghini, M., and Ben Ismail,
S.: Abrupt climate shift in the Western Mediterranean Sea, Scientific reports, 6, 1–7, 2016.
Skliris, N., Zika, J. D., Herold, L., Josey, S. A., and Marsh, R.:
Mediterranean sea water budget long-term trend inferred from salinity
observations, Clim. Dynam., 51, 2857–2876,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-4053-7, 2018.
Soto-Navarro, J., Criado-Aldeanueva, F., García-Lafuente, J., and
Sánchez-Román, A.: Estimation of the Atlantic inflow through
the Strait of Gibraltar from climatological and in situ data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C10023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006302, 2010.
Storto, A., Masina, S., and Navarra, A.: Evaluation of the CMCC
eddy-permitting global ocean physical reanalysis system (C-GLORS,
1982–2012) and its assimilation components, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 142,
738–758, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2673, 2016.
Storto, A., Masina, S., Simoncelli, S., Iovino, D., Cipollone, A., Drevillon, M., Drillet, Y., von Schuckman, K., Parent, L., Garric, G., and Greiner, E.: The added value of the
multi-system spread information for ocean heat content and steric sea level
investigations in the CMEMS GREP ensemble reanalysis product, Clim. Dynam., 53,
287–312, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4585-5, 2019a.
Storto, A., Alvera-Azcárate, A., Balmaseda, M. A., Barth, A.,
Chevallier, M., Counillon, F., Domingues, C. M., Drevillon, M., Drillet, Y., Forget, G., Garric, G., Haines, K., Hernandez, F., Iovino, D., Jackson, L. C., Lellouche, J.-M., Masina, S., Mayer, M., Oke, P. R., Penny, S. G., Peterson, K. A., Yang, C., and Zuo, H.: Ocean reanalyses: recent
advances and unsolved challenges, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 418, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00418, 2019b.
Szekely, T.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Quality Information Document for
the Global Ocean-Delayed Mode gridded CORA – In-situ Observations objective
analysis in Delayed Mode, INSITU_GLO_PHY_TS_OA_MY_013_052, issue 1.2, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-INS-QUID-013-052.pdf
(last access: 4 April 2023), 2022a.
Szekely, T.: EU Copernicus Marine Service Product User Manual for the Global
Ocean-Delayed Mode gridded CORA – In-situ Observations objective analysis in
Delayed Mode, INSITU_GLO_PHY_TS_OA_MY_013_052, issue 1.10, Mercator Ocean International, https://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-INS-PUM-013-002-052.pdf
(last access: 4 April 2023), 2022b.
Szekely, T., Gourrion, J., Pouliquen, S., and Reverdin, G.: The CORA 5.2 dataset for global in situ temperature and salinity measurements: data description and validation, Ocean Sci., 15, 1601–1614, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1601-2019, 2019.
Tuel, A. and Eltahir, E. A. B.: Why Is the Mediterranean a Climate Change
Hot Spot?, J. Climate, 33, 5829–5843,
https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/33/14/JCLI-D-19-0910.1.xml (retrieved 25 Jannuary 2022),
2020.
Zunino, P., Schroeder, K., Vargas-Yáñez, M., Gasparini, G. P.,
Coppola, L., García-Martínez, M. C., and Moya-Ruiz, F.: Effects of
the Western Mediterranean Transition on the resident water masses: Pure
warming, pure freshening and pure heaving, J. Mar. Syst., 15,
96–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.01.011, 2012.
Zuo, H., Balmaseda, M. A., and Mogensen, K.: The new eddy-permitting ORAP5
ocean reanalysis: description, evaluation and uncertainties in climate
signals, Clim. Dynam., 49, 791–811, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2675-1, 2017.
Short summary
This paper investigates the salt content, salinity anomaly and trend in the Mediterranean Sea using observational and reanalysis products. The salt content increases overall, while negative salinity anomalies appear in the western basin, especially around the upwelling regions. There is a large spread in the salinity estimates that is reduced with the emergence of the Argo profilers.
This paper investigates the salt content, salinity anomaly and trend in the Mediterranean Sea...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint