Global ocean change in the era of the triple planetary crisis

von Schuckmann, Karina; Gues, Flora; Moreira, Lorena; Liné, Aurélien; de Pascual Collar, Álvaro

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-2-2025

Articles | Volume 6-osr9

https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-2-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Report:

9th edition of the Copernicus Ocean State Report (OSR9)

https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-2-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 6-osr9

30 Sep 2025

| OSR9 | Chapter 1.1

| 30 Sep 2025 | OSR9 | Chapter 1.1

Global ocean change in the era of the triple planetary crisis

Karina von Schuckmann, Flora Gues, Lorena Moreira, Aurélien Liné, and Álvaro de Pascual Collar

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In 2024, global ocean heat content, sea surface temperatures, and sea level rise reached record levels. The triple planetary crisis affects all oceans, where pollution, biodiversity loss, and climate change pressure marine systems, threatening key species, ecosystems, and the ocean’s role in climate stability. This ocean narrative calls for reinforced ocean observing systems, improved uncertainties, and robust science-based information for ocean protection policies and actions.