Articles | Volume 2-oae2023
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
27 Nov 2023
| OAE Guide 2023 | Chapter 9
| 27 Nov 2023 | OAE Guide 2023 | Chapter 9
Modelling considerations for research on ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE)
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Matthew C. Long
National Center for Atmospheric Research, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
[C]Worthy, LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Christopher Algar
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Brendan Carter
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, Seattle, Washington, USA
David Keller
Marine Biogeochemical Modelling, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Arnaud Laurent
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Jann Paul Mattern
Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
Ruth Musgrave
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Andreas Oschlies
Marine Biogeochemical Modelling, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Josiane Ostiguy
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Jaime B. Palter
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
Daniel B. Whitt
Earth Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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Cited
30 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Removal of dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater for climate mitigation: potential marine ecosystem impacts G. Hooper et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1528951
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement in an estuary M. Ho et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1665329
- Regional ocean biogeochemical modeling challenges for predicting the effectiveness of marine carbon dioxide removal N. Ward et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1640617
- A high-resolution nested model to study the effects of alkalinity additions in Halifax Harbour, a mid-latitude coastal fjord A. Laurent et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-115-2026
- Assessing the efficacy of river-based ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon sequestration under high emission pathways X. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7293-2025
- The carbon dioxide removal potential of cement and lime kiln dust via ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Flipkens et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-399-2026
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00433
- Statistical downscaling reproduces high-resolution ocean transport for particle tracking in the Bering Sea T. Kristiansen et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37904-1
- Evaluating ocean alkalinity enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal strategy in the North Sea F. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3699-2025
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Strategic research priorities for marine climate interventions in Australia K. Brent et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2026.2665493
- Improving the efficiency of a lab-on-a-chip total alkalinity analyzer via Dean flow–driven mixing A. Zabihihesari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2026.117069
- Process modelling and analysis of ikaite production for atmospheric CO2 removal through ocean alkalinity enhancement X. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2025.12.028
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025
- The efficiency and ocean acidification mitigation potential of ocean alkalinity enhancement on multi-centennial timescales H. Grosselindemann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3299-2026
- Improving coastal ocean pH estimates through assimilation of glider observations and hybrid statistical methods J. Mattern et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2621-2026
- Seawater carbonate chemistry based carbon dioxide removal: towards commonly agreed principles for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification P. Halloran et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1487138
- Determining the net influence of biological processes on aqueous hydroxide-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: a mesocosm approach D. Fucich et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1652680
- The effect of carbonate mineral additions on biogeochemical conditions in surface sediments and benthic–pelagic exchange fluxes K. Biçe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-641-2025
- Novel field trial for ocean alkalinity enhancement using electrochemically derived aqueous alkalinity A. Savoie et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2025.1641277
- High frequency in situ total alkalinity measurement for monitoring ocean alkalinity enhancement field trials A. Zabihihesari et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-026-00665-w
- Interactions between ocean alkalinity enhancement and phytoplankton in an Earth system model M. Seifert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5897-2025
- Filling the monitoring gap: aquatic ecosystem metabolism as a cost-effective, scalable tool for assessing marine carbon dioxide removal E. Chua & H. Palevsky https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae798c
- Optimization of the World Ocean Model of Biogeochemistry and Trophic dynamics (WOMBAT) using surrogate machine learning methods P. Buchanan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5349-2025
- Substantial inter-model variation in OAE efficiency between the CESM2/MARBL and ECCO-Darwin ocean biogeochemistry models M. Tyka et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4943-2026
- Prospective site-specific life cycle assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement M. Myridinas et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae5a4e
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024
- A surface ocean pCO2 product with improved representation of interannual variability using a vision transformer-based model X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6071-2025
- The PIXIE: A Low-Cost, Open-Source, Multichannel In Situ Fluorometer Applied To Dye-Tracing in Halifax Harbor K. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2025.309
- Balancing water column and sedimentary 234Th fluxes to quantify coastal marine carbon export M. Healey et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6895-2025
30 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Removal of dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater for climate mitigation: potential marine ecosystem impacts G. Hooper et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1528951
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement in an estuary M. Ho et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1665329
- Regional ocean biogeochemical modeling challenges for predicting the effectiveness of marine carbon dioxide removal N. Ward et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1640617
- A high-resolution nested model to study the effects of alkalinity additions in Halifax Harbour, a mid-latitude coastal fjord A. Laurent et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-115-2026
- Assessing the efficacy of river-based ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon sequestration under high emission pathways X. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7293-2025
- The carbon dioxide removal potential of cement and lime kiln dust via ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Flipkens et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-399-2026
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00433
- Statistical downscaling reproduces high-resolution ocean transport for particle tracking in the Bering Sea T. Kristiansen et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37904-1
- Evaluating ocean alkalinity enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal strategy in the North Sea F. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3699-2025
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Strategic research priorities for marine climate interventions in Australia K. Brent et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2026.2665493
- Improving the efficiency of a lab-on-a-chip total alkalinity analyzer via Dean flow–driven mixing A. Zabihihesari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2026.117069
- Process modelling and analysis of ikaite production for atmospheric CO2 removal through ocean alkalinity enhancement X. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2025.12.028
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025
- The efficiency and ocean acidification mitigation potential of ocean alkalinity enhancement on multi-centennial timescales H. Grosselindemann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3299-2026
- Improving coastal ocean pH estimates through assimilation of glider observations and hybrid statistical methods J. Mattern et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2621-2026
- Seawater carbonate chemistry based carbon dioxide removal: towards commonly agreed principles for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification P. Halloran et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1487138
- Determining the net influence of biological processes on aqueous hydroxide-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: a mesocosm approach D. Fucich et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1652680
- The effect of carbonate mineral additions on biogeochemical conditions in surface sediments and benthic–pelagic exchange fluxes K. Biçe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-641-2025
- Novel field trial for ocean alkalinity enhancement using electrochemically derived aqueous alkalinity A. Savoie et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2025.1641277
- High frequency in situ total alkalinity measurement for monitoring ocean alkalinity enhancement field trials A. Zabihihesari et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-026-00665-w
- Interactions between ocean alkalinity enhancement and phytoplankton in an Earth system model M. Seifert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5897-2025
- Filling the monitoring gap: aquatic ecosystem metabolism as a cost-effective, scalable tool for assessing marine carbon dioxide removal E. Chua & H. Palevsky https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae798c
- Optimization of the World Ocean Model of Biogeochemistry and Trophic dynamics (WOMBAT) using surrogate machine learning methods P. Buchanan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5349-2025
- Substantial inter-model variation in OAE efficiency between the CESM2/MARBL and ECCO-Darwin ocean biogeochemistry models M. Tyka et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4943-2026
- Prospective site-specific life cycle assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement M. Myridinas et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae5a4e
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024
- A surface ocean pCO2 product with improved representation of interannual variability using a vision transformer-based model X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6071-2025
- The PIXIE: A Low-Cost, Open-Source, Multichannel In Situ Fluorometer Applied To Dye-Tracing in Halifax Harbor K. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2025.309
- Balancing water column and sedimentary 234Th fluxes to quantify coastal marine carbon export M. Healey et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6895-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 31 Jul 2026
Short summary
This paper describes biogeochemical models and modelling techniques for applications related to ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) research. Many of the most pressing OAE-related research questions cannot be addressed by observation alone but will require a combination of skilful models and observations. We present illustrative examples with references to further information; describe limitations, caveats, and future research needs; and provide practical recommendations.
This paper describes biogeochemical models and modelling techniques for applications related to...
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