Armeni, C. and Redgwell, C.: International Legal and Regulatory Issues of Climate Geoengineering Governance: Rethinking the Approach, Climate Geoengineering Governance Working Paper Series: 021, Universities of Oxford, Sussex and University College London, 37 pp.,
https://web.archive.org/web/20170831100819/http://www.geoengineering-governance-research.org/perch/resources/workingpaper21armeniredgwelltheinternationalcontextrevise-.pdf (last access: 9 November 2023), 2015.
Burns, W.: Governance of Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal Research under the United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea, Maine Law Review, 75, 37–70,
https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol75/iss1/3 (last access: 8 November 2023), 2023.
Chair of the SBSTA: Summary report of the fourteenth meeting of the research dialogue, 2022, 14th Meeting of the Research Dialogue, 9 June 2022, Bonn, Germany, Chair of the SBSTA,
https://unfccc.int/topics/science/events-meetings/research-dialogue (last access: 8 November 2023), 2022.
CMA: Doc. FCCC/PA/CMA/2022/10/Add.1: Decision 1/CMA.4 Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan, 17 March 2023.
COP to the CBD: Biodiversity and climate change, Doc. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/X/33, 29 October 2010.
COP to the CBD: Climate-related geoengineering, Doc. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/XI/20, 5 December 2012.
COP to the CBD: Biodiversity and climate change and disaster risk reduction, Doc. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/XII/20, 17 October 2014.
COP to the CBD: Climate-related geoengineering, Doc. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/XIII/14, 8 December 2016.
COP to the CBD: Kunming-Montreal Global biodiversity framework: Draft decision submitted by the President, Soc. CBD/COP/15/L.25, 18 December 2022.
Craik, N. and Burns, W.: Climate Engineering Under the Paris Agreement, Environmental Law Reporter, 49, 11113–11129, 2019.
Du, H.: An International Legal Framework for Geoengineering: Managing the Risks of an Emerging Technology, Routledge, Oxon, ISBN 9781138744615, 2023.
Enevoldsen, P., Baum, C. M., Low, S., and Sovacool, B. K.: Examining the synergies and tradeoffs of net-zero climate protection with the Sustainable Development Goals, Sci. Prog., 105, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504221138443, 2022.
EU Directive: Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide and Amending Council Directive 85/227/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006, 2009.
GESAMP: High level review of a wide range of proposed marine geoengineering techniques, edited by: Boyd, P. W. and Vivian, C. M. G., IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UN Environment/UNDP/ISA Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 98, ISSN 1020-4873, 2019.
Green, J. A.: The Persistent Objector Rule in International Law, OUP, United Kingdom, https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704218.001.0001, 2016.
Honegger, M., Burns, W., and Morrow, D.R.: Is carbon dioxide removal “mitigation of climate change”?, RECIEL, 30, 327–335, https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12401, 2021.
Honegger, M., Baatz, C., Eberenz, S., Holland-Cunz, A., Michaelowa, A., Pokorny, B., Poralla, M., and Winkler, M.: The ABC of Governance Principles for Carbon Dioxide Removal Policy, Frontiers in Climate, 4, 884163, https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.884163, 2022.
Hubert, A.: A Code of Conduct for Responsible Geoengineering Research, Glob. Policy, 12, 82–96, https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12845, 2021.
IMO: Doc. LC 35/15, Annex 4, Resolution LP.4(8) (18 October 2013): Amendment to the London Protocol to Regulate the Placement of Matter for Ocean Fertilization and Other Marine Geoengineering Activities, 2013.
IMO: Doc. LC/SG 44/16 (29 April 2021), Report of the Forty-fourth Meeting of the Scientific Group of the London Convention and the Fifteenth Meeting of the Scientific Group of the London Protocol, 2021.
IMO: Doc. LC 44/5 (1 August 2022), Marine Geoengineering Including Ocean Fertilization: Progress report from the Correspondence Group on Marine Geoengineering, 2022a.
IMO: Marine geoengineering techniques for climate change mitigation – LP/LC evaluates potential for marine environment effects (10 October 2022),
https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/pages/Marine-geoengineering.aspx (last access: 18 April 2023), 2022b.
IMO: Doc. LC 45/5/4 (28 July 2023), Marine Geoengineering Including Ocean Fertilization: Draft background paper on provisional application of the 2013 LP amendment (resolution LP.4(8)) from the Legal Intersessional Correspondence Group on Marine Geoengineering, 2023.
International Law Commission: Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities, with Commentaries (2001), ILC Draft Articles 2001,
https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_7_2001.pdf (last access: 5 May 2023), 2001.
IPCC: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Repor
t of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, CUP, United Kingdom, ISBN 9789291691609, 2022.
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edite by: Lee, H. and Romero, J., IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 1–34, https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.001, 2023.
ITLOS 2011 Advisory Opinion: Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area, Advisory Opinion, ITLOS Reports 2011, p. 10, 2011.
Kuokkanen, T. and Yamineva, Y.: Regulating Geoengineering in International Environmental Law, Carbon & Climate Law Review, 7, 161–197, https://doi.org/10.21552/CCLR/2013/3/261, 2013.
Lloyd, I. D. and Oppenheimer, M.: On the Design of an International Governance Framework for Geoengineering, Global Environ. Polit., 14, 45–63, https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00228, 2014.
Loomis, R., Cooley, S. R., Collins, J. R., Engler, S., and Suatoni, L.: A Code of Conduct Is Imperative for Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal Research, Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 872800, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.872800, 2022.
Maas, A. and Scheffran, J.: Climate conflicts 2.0? Climate engineering as a challenge for international peace and security, Sicherheit und Frieden, 30, 193–200, https://doi.org/10.5771/0175-274x-2012-4-193, 2012.
Mace, M. J., Fyson, C. L., Schaeffer, M., and Hare, W. L.: Large-Scale Carbon Dioxide Removal to Meet the 1.5
∘C Limit: Key Governance Gaps, Challenges and Priority Responses, Glob. Policy, 12, 67–81, https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12921, 2021.
Maljean-Dubois, S.: Les obligations de due diligence des Etats pour préserver le milieu marin et à leurs conséquences en termes de responsabilité, in: La fonction du droit dans la gestion durable des ressources, edited by: Costa De Oliveira, C., Lanfranchi, M., Flávia Barros-Platiau, A., and Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, G., Proceso, 1–16,
https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03171876 (last access: 9 November 2023), 2021.
Mayer, B.: Obligations of Conduct in International Law on Climate Change: A Defence, RECIEL, 27, 130–140, https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12237, 2018.
Mayer, B.: Interpreting States' General Obligations on Climate Change Mitigation: A Methodological Review, RECIEL, 28, 107–121, https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12285 2019.
McGee, J., Brent, K., and Burns, W.: Geoengineering the oceans: An emerging frontier in international climate change governance, Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 10, 67–80, https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2017.1400899, 2018.
Mills, A.: The Privatisation of Private (and) International Law, Curr. Legal Probl., 20, 1–54, https://doi.org/10.1093/clp/cuad003, 2023.
Papanicolopulu, I.: Due Diligence in the Law of the Sea, in: Due Diligence in the International Legal Order, edited by: Krieger, K., Peters, A., and Kreuzer, L., OUP, 147–162, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0009, 2020.
Proelss, A.: Law of the Sea and Geoengineering, in: The Law of the Sea: Normative Context and Interactions with other Legal Regimes, edited by: Matz-Lück, N., Jensen, Ø., and Johansen, E., Routledge, Oxon, 93–120, ISBN 9780367549145, 2023.
Proelss, A. and Steenkamp, R. C.: Geoengineering: Methods, Associated Risks and International Liability, in: Corporate Liability for Transboundary Environmental Harm: An International and Transnational Perspective, edited by: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., and Verheyen, R., Springer, Cham, 419–503, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_9, 2023.
Rajamani, L. and Werksman, J. D.: Climate Change, in: The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law, edited by: Rajamani, L. and Peel, J., OUP, Oxford, ISBN 9780198849155, 2021.
Satterfield, T., Nawaz, S., and Boettcher, M.: Social considerations and best practices to apply to engaging publics on ocean alkalinity enhancement, in: Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research, edited by: Oschlies, A., Stevenson, A., Bach, L. T., Fennel, K., Rickaby, R. E. M., Satterfield, T., Webb, R., and Gattuso, J.-P., Copernicus Publications, State Planet, 2-oae2023, 11, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-11-2023, 2023.
SBSTA of the UNFCCC: Doc. FCCC/SBSTA/2022/6, Report of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice on its fifty-sixth session, 6–16 June 2022, Bonn, Germany, 28 July 2022.
Scott, K.: International Law in the Anthropocene: Responding to the Geoengineering Challenge, Michigan Journal of International Law, 34, 309–358,
https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol34/iss2/2 (last access: 9 November 2023), 2013.
Scott, K.: From ocean dumping to marine geoengineering: The evolution of the London Regime, in: Research Handbook on International Marine Environmental Law, edited by: Rayfuse, R., Jaeckel, A., and Klein, N., Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 240–263, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789909081.00019, 2023.
Seventh Report of the Code Project: Analysis of the International Seabed Authority Environmental Impact Assessment Regime during Exploration,
https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2023/03/cp-eia-2023_02032023_cp.pdf (last access: 8 November 2023), 2 March 2023.
Tamme, E.: Inside Climate Policy: Challenges for Carbon Removal under the UN Standard
,
https://evetamme.com/2023/05/21/challenges-for-carbon-removal-under-the-un-standard/ (last access: 1 June 2023), 2023.
Tanaka, Y.: The International Law of the Sea, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108545907, 2019.
The Aspen Institute: Guidance for Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal Projects: A Pathway to Developing a Code of Conduct, The Aspen Institute Energy and Environment Program, 21 pp.,
https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/files/content/docs/pubs/120721_Ocean-Based-CO2-Removal_E.pdf (last access: 9 November 2023), 2021.
Tinker, C.: A “New Breed” of Treaty: The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, Pace Environmental Law Review, 13, 191–218, https://doi.org/10.58948/0738-6206.1397, 1995.
UNCLOS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 16 November 1994), 1982.
UNFCCC: Information note: Removal activities under the Article 6.4 mechanism A6.4-SB005-AA-A09,
https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/a64-sb005-aa-a09.pdf (last access: 10 June 2023), 2023.
UNFCCC Contribution: Contribution from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to the report of the Secretary-General on the topic of focus of the twenty-third meeting of the United Nations Open-Ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea,
https://www.un.org/Depts/los/consultative_process/contribution23/UNFCCC.pdf (last access: 8 November 2023), 2023.
Viñuales, J. E.: Due Diligence in International Environmental Law: A Fine-grained Cartography, in: Due Diligence in the International Legal Order, edited by: Krieger, K., Peters, A., and Kreuzer, L., OUP, United Kingdom, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0007, 2020.
Webb, R. M. and Silverman-Roati, K.: Developing Model Federal Legislation to Advance Safe and Responsible Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal Research in the United States, Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, New York City, 33 pp.,
https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1200&context=sabin_climate_change (last access: 8 November 2023), 2023.
Webb, R. M., Silverman-Roati, K., and Gerrard, M. B.: Removing Carbon Dioxide through Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Legal Challenges and Opportunities, Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, New York City, 56 pp.,
https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3743&context=faculty_scholarship (last access: 8 November 2023), 2021.
Webb, R. M., Silverman-Roati, K., and Gerrard, M. B. (Eds.): International laws governing ocean CDR, in: Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal for Climate Mitigation: The Legal Framework, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, ISBN 9781802208849, 2023.
Wolfrum, R.: Obligation of Result versus Obligations of Conduct: Some Thoughts about the Implementation of International Obligations, in: Looking to the Future: Essays on International Law in Honour of W. Michael Reismann, edited by: Arsanjani, M., Cogan, J., Sloane, R., and Wiessner, S., Brill, 363–383, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047427070_021, 2011.
