Articles | Volume 2-oae2023
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Department of Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Lennart T. Bach
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Rosalind E. M. Rickaby
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Terre Satterfield
Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Romany Webb
Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School, New York, USA
Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 Rue Saint-Guillaume, 75007 Paris, France
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Cited
45 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Avoidable greenhouse gas emissions in the context of corporate carbon neutrality strategies F. Ebersold et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101321
- Assessing the efficacy of river-based ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon sequestration under high emission pathways X. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7293-2025
- Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Faucher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025
- A tracer study for the development of in-water monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of ship-based ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Subhas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5511-2025
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024
- Assessing the impacts of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement on viability and growth of nearshore species of phytoplankton J. Oberlander et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-499-2025
- The potential of wastewater treatment on carbon storage through ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads0313
- Stakeholders have knowledge priorities beyond local impacts for responsible marine-based carbon dioxide removal in Tasmania Y. Malakar et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02775-3
- Surface area and Ω-aragonite oversaturation as controls of the runaway precipitation process in ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Suitner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3965-2026
- Efficacy of individual and combined terrestrial and marine carbon dioxide removal A. Sathyanadh et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2af5
- Investigating a droplet microfluidic system for measuring total alkalinity S. Motahari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2026.139595
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025
- No compromise in efficiency from the co-application of a marine and a terrestrial CDR method Y. Moustakis et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59982-x
- Carbonate chemistry fitness landscapes inform diatom resilience to future perturbations A. Ferderer et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu8024
- Novel field trial for ocean alkalinity enhancement using electrochemically derived aqueous alkalinity A. Savoie et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2025.1641277
- CMIP6 models agree on similar carbon cycle feedbacks between enhancing terrestrial and marine carbon sinks H. Wey et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adc617
- Olivine-Induced Alkalinity Enhancement Amplifies Phytoplankton Carbon Export Efficiency X. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c02131
- Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) L. Bach et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024
- Prey dynamics as a buffer: enhancing copepod resilience to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8c
- Autonomous Sensor for In Situ Measurements of Total Alkalinity in the Ocean A. Schaap et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c02349
- Social considerations and best practices to apply to engaging publics on ocean alkalinity enhancement T. Satterfield et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-11-2023
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Stability assessment of calcium carbonate dissolution as a marine carbon dioxide removal mechanism A. Melendez-Perez et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1796693
- Research trends in ocean alkalinity enhancement as an ocean-based negative emission technology A. Suzuki et al. https://doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.35.4_85
- Carbon fixation of a temperate plankton community in response to calcium- and silicate-based Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement using air-sea gas exchange measurements J. Schneider et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-137-2026
- Negative Emission Enabled by Combining Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement and Waste Concrete Upcycling S. Jin et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c07507
- Seawater carbonate chemistry based carbon dioxide removal: towards commonly agreed principles for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification P. Halloran et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1487138
- Ocean acidification: Global perspectives and India’s path forward V. S et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113852
- Determining the net influence of biological processes on aqueous hydroxide-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: a mesocosm approach D. Fucich et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1652680
- Impulse response functions as a framework for quantifying ocean-based carbon dioxide removal E. Yankovsky et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5723-2025
- Interactions between ocean alkalinity enhancement and phytoplankton in an Earth system model M. Seifert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5897-2025
- The coupled uncertainties in carbon dioxide removal and transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions C. Di Natale et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae20a5
- Alkaline mineral dissolution can impair embryonic development in the Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas), raising caution for ocean alkalinity enhancement F. Pernet et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag011
- Filling the monitoring gap: aquatic ecosystem metabolism as a cost-effective, scalable tool for assessing marine carbon dioxide removal E. Chua & H. Palevsky https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae798c
- Hawaiian beaches as natural analogues for enhanced silicate weathering of olivine M. Kreuzburg et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae130c
- Reimagining ownership and governance for carbon dioxide removal (CDR): exploring existing alternative models to advance equity and justice G. Belotti et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2026.2694126
- Prospective site-specific life cycle assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement M. Myridinas et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae5a4e
- The design and analysis of marine multiple driver experiments C. Cornwall et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44419-026-00004-5
- Substantial inter-model variation in OAE efficiency between the CESM2/MARBL and ECCO-Darwin ocean biogeochemistry models M. Tyka et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4943-2026
- Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor's Sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity K. Jones et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025
- A novel methodology to characterize the potential impacts of electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1717924
- The effects of elevated seawater pH and total alkalinity following dosing of sodium hydroxide in Calanus finmarchicus C. Murray et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag057
- Resilience of the gelatinous zooplankton species Oikopleura dioica to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0344503
- A holistic assessment framework for marine carbon dioxide removal options C. Baatz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adc93f
- Assessing the limitations of commercial sensors and models for supporting marine carbon dioxide removal monitoring: a case study T. Stewart et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1649723
45 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Avoidable greenhouse gas emissions in the context of corporate carbon neutrality strategies F. Ebersold et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101321
- Assessing the efficacy of river-based ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon sequestration under high emission pathways X. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7293-2025
- Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Faucher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025
- A tracer study for the development of in-water monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of ship-based ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Subhas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5511-2025
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024
- Assessing the impacts of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement on viability and growth of nearshore species of phytoplankton J. Oberlander et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-499-2025
- The potential of wastewater treatment on carbon storage through ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads0313
- Stakeholders have knowledge priorities beyond local impacts for responsible marine-based carbon dioxide removal in Tasmania Y. Malakar et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02775-3
- Surface area and Ω-aragonite oversaturation as controls of the runaway precipitation process in ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Suitner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3965-2026
- Efficacy of individual and combined terrestrial and marine carbon dioxide removal A. Sathyanadh et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2af5
- Investigating a droplet microfluidic system for measuring total alkalinity S. Motahari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2026.139595
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025
- No compromise in efficiency from the co-application of a marine and a terrestrial CDR method Y. Moustakis et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59982-x
- Carbonate chemistry fitness landscapes inform diatom resilience to future perturbations A. Ferderer et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu8024
- Novel field trial for ocean alkalinity enhancement using electrochemically derived aqueous alkalinity A. Savoie et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2025.1641277
- CMIP6 models agree on similar carbon cycle feedbacks between enhancing terrestrial and marine carbon sinks H. Wey et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adc617
- Olivine-Induced Alkalinity Enhancement Amplifies Phytoplankton Carbon Export Efficiency X. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c02131
- Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) L. Bach et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024
- Prey dynamics as a buffer: enhancing copepod resilience to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8c
- Autonomous Sensor for In Situ Measurements of Total Alkalinity in the Ocean A. Schaap et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c02349
- Social considerations and best practices to apply to engaging publics on ocean alkalinity enhancement T. Satterfield et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-11-2023
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Stability assessment of calcium carbonate dissolution as a marine carbon dioxide removal mechanism A. Melendez-Perez et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1796693
- Research trends in ocean alkalinity enhancement as an ocean-based negative emission technology A. Suzuki et al. https://doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.35.4_85
- Carbon fixation of a temperate plankton community in response to calcium- and silicate-based Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement using air-sea gas exchange measurements J. Schneider et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-137-2026
- Negative Emission Enabled by Combining Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement and Waste Concrete Upcycling S. Jin et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c07507
- Seawater carbonate chemistry based carbon dioxide removal: towards commonly agreed principles for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification P. Halloran et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1487138
- Ocean acidification: Global perspectives and India’s path forward V. S et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113852
- Determining the net influence of biological processes on aqueous hydroxide-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: a mesocosm approach D. Fucich et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1652680
- Impulse response functions as a framework for quantifying ocean-based carbon dioxide removal E. Yankovsky et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5723-2025
- Interactions between ocean alkalinity enhancement and phytoplankton in an Earth system model M. Seifert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5897-2025
- The coupled uncertainties in carbon dioxide removal and transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions C. Di Natale et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae20a5
- Alkaline mineral dissolution can impair embryonic development in the Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas), raising caution for ocean alkalinity enhancement F. Pernet et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag011
- Filling the monitoring gap: aquatic ecosystem metabolism as a cost-effective, scalable tool for assessing marine carbon dioxide removal E. Chua & H. Palevsky https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae798c
- Hawaiian beaches as natural analogues for enhanced silicate weathering of olivine M. Kreuzburg et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae130c
- Reimagining ownership and governance for carbon dioxide removal (CDR): exploring existing alternative models to advance equity and justice G. Belotti et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2026.2694126
- Prospective site-specific life cycle assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement M. Myridinas et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae5a4e
- The design and analysis of marine multiple driver experiments C. Cornwall et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44419-026-00004-5
- Substantial inter-model variation in OAE efficiency between the CESM2/MARBL and ECCO-Darwin ocean biogeochemistry models M. Tyka et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4943-2026
- Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor's Sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity K. Jones et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025
- A novel methodology to characterize the potential impacts of electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1717924
- The effects of elevated seawater pH and total alkalinity following dosing of sodium hydroxide in Calanus finmarchicus C. Murray et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag057
- Resilience of the gelatinous zooplankton species Oikopleura dioica to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0344503
- A holistic assessment framework for marine carbon dioxide removal options C. Baatz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adc93f
- Assessing the limitations of commercial sensors and models for supporting marine carbon dioxide removal monitoring: a case study T. Stewart et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1649723
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 31 Jul 2026
Short summary
Reaching promised climate targets will require the deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Marine CDR options receive more and more interest. Based on idealized theoretical studies, ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) appears as a promising marine CDR method. We provide an overview on the current situation of developing OAE as a marine CDR method and describe the history that has led to the creation of the OAE research best practice guide.
Reaching promised climate targets will require the deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR)....
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